No Agenda 476 - Middle Class Infanteers

No Agenda Epsiode 476 - Middle Class Infanteers
  Middle Class Infanteers
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  Art By: MartinJJ
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Credits
  Middle Class Infanteers
  Executive Producers: Sir Anonymous Chiner
  Associate Executive Producers: Matthew Ferrell, Craig Harms
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  Knighthoods: Voidzero, Anonymous Chiner, Ben Blondin
  Art By: MartinJJ
  ShowNotes Archive of links and Assets (clips etc) 476.nashownotes.com
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  Micky Embassy Interview - Cellphone denial
  Trashbag Technology
  Arend Funeral
  No Smoking noise on the canals
  Eco-Mode Scam
    Hi Adam,
    All new cars in Gitmo East have this Eco Mode, they call it "Start/Stop" here and it sucks. The ONLY reason they are including it is to help the bogative MPG figures as the extra urban test includes stopping in traffic. Gitmo east is all about CO2 figures and MPG, there is a huge scam going on as a lot of the Ford models have a published "50 mpg" and everyone at work is struggling to get 35mpg from these cars. Of course our employer pays for fuel based on the manufacturers figures and everyone is now out of pocket for doing business miles on behalf of the company, most now losing £50+ a month from their pay!
    Regards,
    Blake
  Squirrel!
    The Terrorist Encyclopedia
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 12:41
      THE TERRORIST ENCYCLOPEDIA V1.02 A publication from The Phyco Department By METAMORPHOSIS Special greetings to all the people whose work I have used. Table of Contents: 1 CHEMICALS 1.1 ACQUIRING CHEMICALS 1.2 LIST OF USEFUL HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS AND AVAILABILITY 1.3 PREPARATION OF CHEMICALS 1.31 Nitric Acid 1.32 Sulfuric Acid 1.33 Ammonium Nitrate 2 EXPLOSIVES 2.1 BUYING EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS 2.11 Black Powder 2.12 Pyrodex 2.13 Rocket Engine Powder 2.14 Rifle/Shotgun Powder 2.15 Flash Powder 2.16 Ammonium Nitrate 2.2 EXPLOSIVE RECIPIES 2.21 IMPACT EXPLOSIVES 2.211 Ammonium Triiodide Crystals 2.212 Mercury Fulminate 2.213 Nitroglycerine 2.214 Picrates 2.22 LOW ORDER EXPLOSIVES 2.221 Black Powder 2.2211 Black Powder:Grandpas Recipe 2.222 Nitrocellulose 2.223 Fuel + Oxodizer mixtures 2.224 Perchlorates 2.225 'Red or White powder' propellant 2.226 Acetone Peroxide Explosive 2.23 HIGH ORDER EXPLOSIVES 2.231 R.D.X. (Cyclonite) 2.232 Ammonium Nitrate 2.233 ANFOS 2.234 T.N.T. 2.2341 T.N.T. II 2.235 Potassium Chlorate 2.236 Dynamite 2.237 Nitrostarch Explosives 2.238 Picric Acid 2.239 Ammonium Picrate (Explosive D) 2.2391 Nitrogen Trichloride 2.2392 Lead Azide 2.2393 Astrolite 2.24 OTHER "EXPLOSIVES" 2.241 Thermite 2.242 Molotov Cocktails 2.243 Chemical Fire Bottle 2.244 Bottled Gas Explosives 2.3 USING EXPLOSIVES 2.31 SAFETY 2.32 IGNITION DEVICES 2.321 Fuse Ignition 2.3211 Blackmatch Fuse 2.322 Impact Ignition 2.323 Electrical Ignition 2.324 Electro - Mechanical Ignition 2.325 Mercury Switches 2.326 Tripwire Switches 2.327 Radio Control Detonators 2.328 Mini-Compound Detonator's 2.33 DELAYS 2.331 Fuse Delays 2.332 Timer Delays 2.333 Chemical Delays 2.34 EXPLOSIVE CONTAINERS 2.341 Paper Containers 2.342 Metal Containers 2.343 Glass Containers 2.344 Plastic Containers 2.35 ADVANCED USES FOR EXPLOSIVES 2.351 Shaped Charges 2.352 Tube Explosives 2.353 Atomized Particle Explosions 2.354 Lightbulb Bombs 2.355 Book Bombs 2.356 Phone Bombs 3 WEAPONS 3.1 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR PROJECTILE WEAPONS 3.11 PROJECTILE WEAPONS (PRIMITIVE) 3.111 Bow and Crossbow Ammunition 3.112 Blowgun Ammunition 3.113 Wrist Rocket and Slingshot Ammunition 3.114 Portable Grenade Launcher 3.12 PROJECTILE WEAPONS (FIREARMS) 3.121 Handgun Ammunition 3.122 Shotguns 3.13 PROJECTILE WEAPONS (COMPRESSED GAS) 3.131 .177 Caliber B.B Gun Ammunition 3.132 .22 Caliber Pellet Gun Ammunition 3.2 IMPROVISED WEAPONS 3.21 BOMBS 3.211 Expedient Grenades 3.212 Milk Carton Bomb 3.213 Carbide Bomb 3.214 Soft Drink Can Bomb 3.215 How to Make a Pipe Bomb 3.216 Miniature Claymore Mine 3.22 GUNS 3.221 How to make a Ice Gun 4 ROCKETS, CANNONS & LAUNCHERS 4.1 ROCKETS 4.11 Basic Rocket-Bomb 4.12 Long Range Rocket-Bomb 4.13 Multiple Warhead Rocket-Bombs 4.2 CANNONS 4.21 Basic Pipe Cannon 4.22 Rocket-Firing Cannon 4.23 Tennis Ball Cannons 5 PYROTECHNICA ERRATA 5.1 SMOKE BOMBS 5.11 Simple Smoke/stink Bomb 5.12 Simple Smoke Bomb 5.13 Smoke Smoke Smoke.... 5.2 Colored Flames 5.3 Tear Gas 5.31 Laughing Gas 5.4 FIREWORKS 5.41 Firecrackers 5.42 Skyrockets 5.43 Roman Candles 6 USEFUL CHEMISTRY 6.1 POISONS 6.11 List of Poisons 6.2 DRUGS 6.21 Banandine 6.22 Peanuts 6.23 Marijuana 7 USEFUL TECHNIQUES 7.1 LOCKPICKING 7.11 Picking Locks The Easy Way 7.12 Picking Combination Locks 7.13 How to Pick MASTER Locks 7.2 HOW TO CONTERFEIT 8 USEFUL PYROCHEMISTRY 9 USEFUL INFORMATION 9.1 Fun with Alarms 1.1 ACQUIRING CHEMICALS The first section deals with getting chemicals legally. This section deals with "procuring" them. The best place to steal chemicals is a college. Many state schools have all of their chemicals out on the shelves in the labs, and more in their chemical stockrooms. Evening is the best time to enter lab buildings, as there are the least number of people in the buildings, and most of the labs will still be unlocked. One simply takes a bookbag, wears a dress shirt and jeans, and tries to resemble a college freshman. If anyone asks what such a person is doing, the thief can simply say that he is looking for the polymer chemistry lab, or`some other chemistrymrelated department other than the one they are in. One can usually find out where the various labs and departments in a building are by calling the university. There are, of course other techniques for getting into labs after hours, such as placing a piece of cardboard in the latch of an unused door, such as a back exit. Then, all one needs to do is come back at a later hour. Also, before this is done, terrorists check for security systems. If one just walks into a lab, even if there is someone there, and walks out the back exit, and slip the cardboard in the latch before the door closes, the person in the lab will never know what happened. It is also a good idea to observe the building that one plans to rob at the time that one plans to rob it several days before the actual theft is done. This is advisable since the would- be thief should know when and if the campus security makes patrols through buildings. Of course, if none of these methods are successful, there is always section 2.11, but as a rule, college campus security is pretty poor, and nobody suspects another person in the building of doing anything wrong, even if they are there at an odd hour. 1.2 LIST OF USEFUL HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS AND THEIR AVAILABILITY Anyone can get many chemicals from hardware stores, supermarkets, and drug stores to get the materials to make explosives or other dangerous compounds. A would-be terrorist would merely need a station wagon and some money to acquire many of the chemicals named here. Chemical Used In Available at ________ _______ ____________ alcohol, ethyl * alcoholic beverages liquor stores solvents (95% min. for both) hardware stores ammonia + CLEAR household ammonia supermarkets/7-eleven ammonium instant-cold paks, drug stores, nitrate fertilizers medical supply stores nitrous oxide pressurizing whip cream party supply stores poppers (like CO2 ctgs.) Head shops, The Alley Belmont/Clark, Chgo magnesium firestarters surplus/camping stores lecithin vitamins pharmacies/drug stores mineral oil cooking, laxative supermarket/drug stores mercury @ mercury thermometers supermarkets/hardware stores sulfuric acid uncharged car batteries automotive stores glycerine ? pharmacies/drug stores sulfur gardening gardening/hardware store charcoal charcoal grills supermarkets/gardening stores sodium nitrate fertilizer gardening store cellulose (cotton) first aid drug/medical supply stores strontium nitrate road flares surplus/auto stores, fuel oil kerosene stoves surplus/camping stores, bottled gas propane stoves surplus/camping stores, potassium permanganate water purification purification plants hexamine or hexamine stoves surplus/camping stores methenamine (camping) nitric acid ^ cleaning printing printing shops plates photography stores Iodine disinfectant (tinture) Pharmacy, OSCO sodium perchlorate solidox pellets hardware stores (VERY impure) for cutting torches notes: * ethyl alcohol is mixed with methyl alcohol when it is used as a solvent. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous. Solvent alcohol must be at least 95% ethyl alcohol if it is used to make mercury fulminate. Methyl alcohol may prevent mercury fulminate from forming. + Ammonia, when bought in stores comes in a variety of forms. The pine and cloudy ammonias should not be bought; only the clear ammonia should be used to make ammonium triiodide crystals. @ Mercury thermometers are becoming a rarity, unfortunately. They may be hard to find in most stores as they have been superseded by alcohol and other less toxic fillings. Mercury is also used in mercury switches, which are available at electronics stores. Mercury is a hazardous substance, and should be kept in the thermometer or mercury switch until used. It gives off mercury vapors which will cause brain damage if inhaled. For this reason, it is a good idea not to spill mercury, and to always use it outdoors. Also, do not get it in an open cut; rubber gloves will help prevent this. ^ Nitric acid is very difficult to find nowadays. It is usually stolen by bomb makers, or made by the process described in a later section. A desired concentration for making explosives about 70%. & The iodine sold in drug stores is usually not the pure crystaline form that is desired for producing ammonium triiodide crystals. To obtain the pure form, it must usually be acquired by a doctor's prescription, but this can be expensive. Once again, theft is the means that terrorists result to. 1.3 PREPARATION OF CHEMICALS 1.31 NITRIC ACID There are several ways to make this most essential of all acids for explosives. One method by which it could be made will be presented. Once again, be reminded that these methods SHOULD NOT BE CARRIED OUT!! Materials: Equipment: ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ sodium nitrate or adjustable heat source potassium nitrate retort distilled water ice bath concentrated sulfuric acid stirring rod collecting flask with stopper 1) Pour 32 milliliters of concentrated sulfuric acid into the retort. 2) Carefully weigh out 58 grams of sodium nitrate, or 68 grams of potassium nitrate. and add this to the acid slowly. If it all does not dissolve, carefully stir the solution with a glass rod until it does. 3) Place the open end of the retort into the collecting flask, and place the collecting flask in the ice bath. 4) Begin heating the retort, using low heat. Continue heating until liquid begins`to come out`of the end of the`retort. The liquid that forms is nitric acid. Heat until the precipitate in the bottom of the retort is almost dry, or until no more nitric acid is forming. CAUTION: If the acid is headed too strongly, the nitric acid will decompose as soon as it is formed. This can result in the production of highly flammable and toxic gasses that may explode. It is a good idea to set the above apparatus up, and then get away from it. Potassium nitrate could also be obtained from store-bought black powder, simply by dissolving black powder in boiling water and filtering out the sulfur and charcoal. To obtain 68 g of potassium nitrate, it would be necessary to dissolve about 90 g of black powder in about one litre of boiling water. Filter the dissolved solution through filter paper in a funnel into a jar until the liquid that pours through is clear. The charcoal and sulfur in black powder are insoluble in water, and so when the solution of water is allowed to evaporate, potassium nitrate will be left in the jar. 1.32 SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid is far too difficult to make outside of a laboratory or industrial plant. However, it is readily available in an uncharged car battery. A person wishing to make sulfuric acid would simply remove the top of a car battery and pour the acid into a glass container. There would probably be pieces of lead from the battery in the acid which would have to be removed, either by boiling or filtration. The concentration of the sulfuric acid can also be increased by boiling it; very pure sulfuric acid pours slightly faster than clean motor oil. 1.33 AMMONIUM NITRATE Ammonium nitrate is a very powerful but insensitive high-order explosive. It could be made very easily by pouring nitric acid into a large flask in an ice bath. Then, by simply pouring household ammonia into the flask and running away, ammonium nitrate would be formed. After the materials have stopped reacting, one would simply have to leave the solution in a warm place until all of the water and any unneutralized ammonia or acid have evaporated. There would be a fine powder formed, which would be ammonium nitrate. It must be kept in an airtight container, because of its tendency to pick up water from the air. The crystals formed in the above process would have to be heated VERY gently to drive off the remaining water. 2 EXPLOSIVES An explosive is any material that, when ignited by heat or shock, undergoes rapid decomposition or oxidation. This process releases energy that is stored in the material in the form of heat and light, or by breaking down into gaseous compounds that occupy a much larger volume that the original piece of material. Because this expansion is very rapid, large volumes of air are displaced by the expanding gasses. This expansion occurs at a speed greater than the speed of sound, and so a sonic boom occurs. This explains the mechanics behind an explosion. Explosives occur in several forms: high-order explosives which detonate, low order explosives, which burn, and primers, which may do both. High order explosives detonate. A detonation occurs only in a high order explosive. Detonations are usually incurred by a shockwave that passes through a block of the high explosive material. The shockwave breaks apart the molecular bonds between the atoms of the substance, at a rate approximately equal to the speed of sound traveling through that material. In a high explosive, the fuel and oxodizer are chemically bonded, and the shockwave breaks apart these bonds, and re-combines the two materials to produce mostly gasses. T.N.T., ammonium nitrate, and R.D.X. are examples of high order explosives. Low order explosives do not detonate; they burn, or undergo oxidation. when heated, the fuel(s) and oxodizer(s) combine to produce heat, light, and gaseous products. Some low order materials burn at about the same speed under pressure as they do in the open, such as blackpowder. Others, such as gunpowder, which is correctly called nitrocellulose, burn much faster and hotter when they are in a confined space, such as the barrel of a firearm; they usually burn much slower than blackpowder when they are ignited in unpressurized conditions. Black powder, nitrocellulose, and flash powder are good examples of low order explosives. Primers are peculiarities to the explosive field. Some of them, such as mercury filminate, will function as a low or high order explosive. They are usually more sensitive to friction, heat, or shock, than the high or low explosives. Most primers perform like a high order explosive, except that they are much more sensitive. Still others merely burn, but when they are confined, they burn at a great rate and with a large expansion of gasses and a shockwave. Primers are usually used in a small amount to initiate, or cause to decompose, a high order explosive, as in an artillery shell. But, they are also frequently used to ignite a low order explosive; the gunpowder in a bullet is ignited by the detonation of its primer. 2.1 BUYING EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS Almost any city or town of reasonable size has a gun store and a pharmacy. These are two of the places that potential terrorists visit in order to purchase explosive material. All that one has to do is know something about the non- explosive uses of the materials. Black powder, for example, is used in blackpowder firearms. It comes in varying "grades", with each different grade being a slightly different size. The grade of black powder depends on what the calibre of the gun that it is used in; a fine grade of powder could burn too fast in the wrong caliber weapon. The rule is: the smaller the grade, the faster the burn rate of the powder. 2.11 BLACK POWDER Black powder is generally available in three grades. As stated before, the smaller the grade, the faster the powder burns. Burn rate is extremely important in bombs. Since an explosion is a rapid increase of gas volume in a confined environment, to make an explosion, a quick-burning powder is desirable. The three common grades of black powder are listed below, along with the usual bore width (calibre) of what they are used in. Generally, the fastest burning powder, the FFF grade is desirable. However, the other grades and uses are listed below: GRADE BORE WIDTH EXAMPLE OF GUN ½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½ F .50 or greater model cannon; some rifles FF .36 - .50 large pistols; small rifles FFF .36 or smaller pistols; derringers The FFF grade is the fastest burning, because the smaller grade has more surface area or burning surface exposed to the flame front. The larger grades also have uses which will be discussed later. The price range of black powder, per pound, is about $8.50 - $9.00. The price is not affected by the grade, and so one saves oneself time and work if one buys the finer grade of powder. The major problems with black powder are that it can be ignited accidentally by static electricity, and that it has a tendency to absorb moisture from the air. To safely crush it, a bomber would use a plastic spoon and a wooden salad bowl. Taking a small pile at a time, he or she would apply pressure to the powder through the spoon and rub it in a series of strokes or circles, but not too hard. It is fine enough to use when it is about as fine as flour. The fineness, however, is dependant on what type of device one wishes to make; obviously, it would be impracticle to crush enough powder to fill a 1 foot by 4 inch radius pipe. Anyone can purchase black powder, since anyone can own black powder firearms in America. 2.12 PYRODEX Pyrodex is a synthetic powder that is used like black powder. It comes in the same grades, but it is more expensive per pound. However, a one pound container of pyrodex contains more material by volume than a pound of black powder. It is much easier to crush to a very fine powder than black powder, and it is considerably safer and more reliable. This is because it will not be set off by static electricity, as black can be, and it is less inclined to absorb moisture. It costs about $10.00 per pound. It can be crushed in the same manner as black powder, or it can be dissolved in boiling water and dried. 2.13 ROCKET ENGINE POWDER One of the most exciting hobbies nowadays is model rocketry. Estes is the largest producer of model rocket kits and engines. Rocket engines are composed of a single large grain of propellant. This grain is surrounded by a fairly heavy cardboard tubing. One gets the propellant by slitting the tube length- wise, and unwrapping`it like a paper towel roll. When this is done, the grey fire clay at either end of the propellant grain must be removed. This is usually done gently with a plastic or brass knife. The material is exceptionally hard, and must be crushed to be used. By gripping the grain on the widest setting on a set of pliers, and putting the grain and powder in a plastic bag, the powder will not break apart and shatter all over. This should be done to all the large chunks of powder, and then it should be crushed like black powder. Rocket engines come in various sizes, ranging from 1/4 A - 2T to the incredibly powerful D engines. The larger the engine, the more expensive. D engines come in packages of three, and cost about $5.00 per package. Rocket engines are perhaps the single most useful item sold in stores to a terrorist, since they can be used as is, or can be cannibalized for their explosive powder. 2.14 RIFLE/SHOTGUN POWDER Rifle powder and shotgun powder are really the same from a practicle standpoint. They are both nitrocellulose based propellants. They will be referred to as gunpowder in all future references. Gunpowder is made by the action of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid upon cotton. This material is then dissolved by solvents and then reformed in the desired grain size. When dealing with gunpowder, the grain size is not nearly as important as that of black powder. Both large and small grained gunpowder burn fairly slowly compared to black powder when unconfined, but when it is confined, gunpowder burns both hotter and with more gaseous expansion, producing more pressure. Therefore, the grinding process that is often necessary for other propellants is not necessary for gunpowder. Gunpowder costs about $9.00 per pound. Any idiot can buy it, since there are no restrictions on rifles or shotguns in the U.S. 2.15 FLASH POWDER Flash powder is a mixture`of powdered zirconium metal and various oxidizers. It`is extremely sensitive to heat or sparks, and should be treated with more care than black powder, with which it should NEVER be mixed. It is sold in small containers which must be mixed and shaken before use. It is very finely powdered, and is available in three speeds: fast, medium, and slow. The fast flash powder is the best for using in explosives or detonators. It burns very rapidly, regardless of confinement or packing, with a hot white "flash", hence its name. It is fairly expensive, costing about $11.00. It is sold in magic shops and theatre supply stores. 2.16 AMMONIUM NITRATE Ammonium nitrate is a high explosive material that is often used as a commercial "safety explosive" It is very stable, and is difficult to ignite with a match. It will only light if the glowing, red-hot part of a match is touching it. It is also difficult to detonate; (the phenomenon of detonation will be explained later) it requires a large shockwave to cause it to go high explosive. Commercially, it is sometimes mixed with a small amount of nitro- glycerine to increase its sensitivity. Ammonium nitrate is used in the "Cold- Paks" or "Instant Cold", available in most drug stores. The "Cold Paks" consist of a bag of water, surrounded by a second plastic bag containing the ammonium nitrate. To get the ammonium nitrate, simply cut off the top of the outside bag, remove the plastic bag of water, and save the ammonium nitrate in a well sealed, airtight container, since it is rather hydroscopic, i.e. it tends to absorb water from the air. It is also the main ingredient in many fertilizers. 2.2 EXPLOSIVE RECIPES Once again, persons reading this material MUST NEVER ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE ANY OF THE EXPLOSIVES DESCRIBED HEREIN. IT IS ILLEGAL AND EXTREMELY DANGEROUS TO ATTEMPT TO DO SO. LOSS OF LIFE AND/OR LIMB COULD EASILY OCCUR AS A RESULT OF ATTEMPTING TO PRODUCE EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS. These recipes are theoretically correct, meaning that an individual could conceivably produce the materials described. The methods here are usually scaled-down industrial procedures. 2.21 IMPACT EXPLOSIVES Impact explosives are often used as primers. Of the ones discussed here, only mercury fulminate and nitroglycerine are real explosives; Ammonium triiodide crystals decompose upon impact, but they release little heat and no light. Impact explosives are always treated with the greatest care, and even the stupidest anarchist never stores them near any high or low explosives. 2.211 AMMONIUM TRIIODIDE CRYSTALS Ammonium triiodide crystals are foul-smelling purple colored crystals that decompose under the slightest amount of heat, friction, or shock, if they are made with the purest ammonia (ammonium hydroxide) and iodine. Such crystals are said to detonate when a fly lands on them, or when an ant walks across them. Household ammonia, however, has enough impurities, such as soaps and abrasive agents, so that the crystals will detonate when thrown,crushed, or heated. Upon detonation, a loud report is heard, and a cloud of purple iodine gas appears about the detonation site. Whatever the unfortunate surface that the crystal was detonated upon will usually be ruined, as some of the iodine in the crystal is thrown about in a solid form, and iodine is corrosive. It leaves nasty, ugly, permanent brownish-purple stains on whatever it contacts. Iodine gas is also bad news, since it can damage lungs, and it settles to the ground and stains things there also. Touching iodine leaves brown stains on the skin that last for about a week, unless they are immediately and vigorously washed off. While such a compound would have little use to a serious terrorist, a vandal could utilize them in damaging property. Or, a terrorist could throw several of them into a crowd as a distraction, an action which would possibly injure a few people, but frighten almost anyone, since a small crystal that not be seen when thrown produces a rather loud explosion. Ammonium triiodide crystals could be produced in the following manner: Materials Equipment ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ iodine crystals funnel and filter paper paper towels clear ammonia (ammonium hydroxide, two throw-away glass jars for the suicidal) 1) Place about two teaspoons of iodine into one of the glass jars. The jars must both be throw away because they will never be clean again. 2) Add enough ammonia to completely cover the iodine. 3) Place the funnel into the other jar, and put the filter paper in the funnel. The technique for putting filter paper in a funnel is taught in every basic chemistry lab class: fold the circular paper in half, so that a semi-circle is formed. Then, fold it in half again to form a triangle with one curved side. Pull one thickness of paper out to form a cone, and place the cone into the funnel. 4) After allowing the iodine to soak in the ammonia for a while, pour the solution into the paper in the funnel through the filter paper. 5) While the solution is being filtered, put more ammonia into the first jar to wash any remaining crystals into the funnel as soon as it drains. 6) Collect all the purplish crystals without touching the brown filter paper, and place them on the paper towels to dry for about an hour. Make sure that they are not too close to any lights or other sources of heat, as they could well detonate. While they are still wet, divide the wet material into about eight chunks. 7) After they dry, gently place the crystals onto a one square inch piece of duct tape. Cover it with a similar piece, and gently press the duct tape together around the crystal, making sure not to press the crystal itself. Finally, cut away most of the excess duct tape with a pair of scissors, and store the crystals in a cool dry safe place. They have a shelf life of about a week, and they should be stored in individual containers that can be thrown away, since they have a tendency to slowly decompose, a process which gives off iodine vapors, which will stain whatever they settle on. One possible way to increase their shelf life is to store them in airtight containers. To use them, simply throw them against any surface or place them where they will be stepped on or crushed. 2.212 MERCURY FULMINATE Mercury fulminate is perhaps one of the oldest known initiating compounds. It can be detonated by either heat or shock, which would make it of infinite value to a terrorist. Even the action of dropping a crystal of the fulminate causes it to explode. A person making this material would probably use the following procedure: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ mercury (5 g) glass stirring rod concentrated nitric 100 ml beaker (2) acid (35 ml) adjustable heat ethyl alcohol (30 ml) source distilled water blue litmus paper funnel and filter paper 1) In one beaker, mix 5 g of mercury with 35 ml of concentrated nitric acid, using the glass rod. 2) Slowly heat the mixture until the mercury is dissolved, which is when the solution turns green and boils. 3) Place 30 ml of ethyl alcohol into the second beaker, and slowly and carefully add all of the contents of the first beaker to it. Red and/or brown fumes should appear. These fumes are toxic and flammable. 4) After thirty to forty minutes, the fumes should turn white, indicating that the reaction is near completion. After ten more minutes, add 30 ml of the distilled water to the solution. 5) Carefully filter out the crystals of mercury fulminate from the liquid solution. Dispose of the solution in a safe place, as it is corrosive and toxic. 6) Wash the crystals several times in distilled water to remove as much excess acid as possible. Test the crystals with the litmus paper until they are neutral. This will be when the litmus paper stays blue when it touches the wet crystals 7) Allow the crystals to dry, and store them in a safe place, far away from any explosive or flammable material. This procedure can also be done by volume, if the available mercury cannot be weighed. Simply use 10 volumes of nitric acid and 10 volumes of ethanol to every one volume of mercury. 2.213 NITROGLYCERINE Nitroglycerine is one of the most sensitive explosives, if it is not the most sensitive. Although it is possible to make it safely, it is difficult. Many a young anarchist has been killed or seriously injured while trying to make the stuff. When Nobel's factories make it, many people were killed by the all- to-frequent factory explosions. Usually, as soon as it is made, it is converted into a safer substance, such as dynamite. An idiot who attempts to make nitroglycerine would use the following procedure: MATERIAL EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ distilled water eye-dropper table salt 100 ml beaker sodium bicarbonate 200-300 ml beakers (2) concentrated nitric ice bath container acid (13 ml) ( a plastic bucket serves well ) concentrated sulfuric centigrade thermometer acid (39 ml) blue litmus paper glycerine 1) Place 150 ml of distilled water into one of the 200-300 ml beakers. 2) In the other 200-300 ml beaker, place 150 ml of distilled water and about a spoonful of sodium bicarbonate, and stir them until the sodium bicarbonate dissolves. Do not put so much sodium bicarbonate in the water so that some remains undissolved. 3) Create an ice bath by half filling the ice bath container with ice, and adding table salt. This will cause the ice to melt, lowering the overall temperature. 4) Place the 100 ml beaker into the ice bath, and pour the 13 ml of concentrated nitric acid into the 100 ml beaker. Be sure that the beaker will not spill into the ice bath, and that the ice bath will not overflow into the beaker when more materials are added to it. Be sure to have a large enough ice bath container to add more ice. Bring the temperature of the acid down to about 20 degrees centigrade or less. 5) When the nitric acid is as cold as stated above, slowly and carefully add the 39 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to the nitric acid. Mix the two acids together, and cool the mixed acids to 10 degrees centigrade. It is a good idea to start another ice bath to do this. 6) With the eyedropper, slowly put the glycerine into the mixed acids, one drop at a time. Hold the thermometer along the top of the mixture where the mixed acids and glycerine meet. DO NOT ALLOW THE TEMPERATURE TO GET ABOVE 30 DEGREES CENTIGRADE; IF THE TEMPERATURE RISES ABOVE THIS TEMPERATURE, RUN LIKE HELL!!! The glycerine will start to nitrate immediately, and the temperature will immediately begin to rise. Add glycerine until there is a thin layer of glycerine on top of the mixed acids. It is always safest to make any explosive in small quantities. 7) Stir the mixed acids and glycerine for the first ten minutes of nitration, adding ice and salt to the ice bath to keep the temperature of the solution in the 100 ml beaker well below 30 degrees centigrade. Usually, the nitroglycerine will form on the top of the mixed acid solution, and the concentrated sulfuric acid will absorb the water produced by the reaction. 8) When the reaction is over, and when the nitroglycerine is well below 30 degrees centigrade, slowly and carefully pour the solution of nitroglycerine and mixed acid into the distilled water in the beaker in step 1. The nitroglycerine should settle to the bottom of the beaker, and the water-acid solution on top can be poured off and disposed of. Drain as much of the acid- water solution as possible without disturbing the nitroglycerine. 9) Carefully remove the nitroglycerine with a clean eye-dropper, and place it into the beaker in step 2. The sodium bicarbonate solution will eliminate much of the acid, which will make the nitroglycerine more stable, and less likely to explode for no reason, which it can do. Test the nitroglycerine with the litmus paper until the litmus stays blue. Repeat this step if necessary, and use new sodium bicarbonate solutions as in step 2. 10) When the nitroglycerine is as acid-free as possible, store it in a clean container in a safe place. The best place to store nitroglycerine is far away from anything living, or from anything of any value. Nitroglycerine can explode for no apparent reason, even if it is stored in a secure cool place. 2.214 PICRATES Although the procedure for the production of picric acid, or trinitrophenol has not yet been given, its salts are described first, since they are extremely sensitive, and detonate on impact. By mixing picric acid with metal hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, and evaporating the water, metal picrates can be formed. Simply obtain picric acid, or produce it, and mix it with a solution of (preferably) potassium hydroxide, of a mid range molarity. (about 6-9 M) This material, potassium picrate, is impact-sensitive, and can be used as an initiator for any type of high explosive. 2.22 LOW-ORDER EXPLOSIVES There are many low-order explosives that can be purchased in gun stores and used in explosive devices. However, it is possible that a wise wise store owner would not sell these substances to a suspicious-looking individual. Such an individual would then be forced to resort to making his own low-order explosives. 2.221 BLACK POWDER First made by the Chinese for use in fireworks, black powder was first used in weapons and explosives in the 12th century. It is very simple to make, but it is not very powerful or safe. Only about 50% of black powder is converted to hot gasses when it is burned; the other half is mostly very fine burned particles. Black powder has one major problem: it can be ignited by static electricity. This is very bad, and it means that the material must be made with wooden or clay tools. Anyway, a misguided individual could manufacture black powder at home with the following procedure: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ potassium clay grinding bowl nitrate (75 g) and clay grinder or or sodium wooden salad bowl nitrate (75 g) and wooden spoon sulfur (10 g) plastic bags (3) charcoal (15 g) 300-500 ml beaker (1) distilled water coffee pot or heat source 1) Place a small amount of the potassium or sodium nitrate in the grinding bowl and grind it to a very fine powder. Do this to all of the potassium or sodium nitrate, and store the ground powder in one of the plastic bags. 2) Do the same thing to the sulfur and charcoal, storing each chemical in a separate plastic bag. 3) Place all of the finely ground potassium or sodium nitrate in the beaker, and add just enough boiling water to the chemical to get it all wet. 4) Add the contents of the other plastic bags to the wet potassium or sodium nitrate, and mix them well for several minutes. Do this until there is no more visible sulfur or charcoal, or until the mixture is universally black. 5) On a warm sunny day, put the beaker outside in the direct sunlight. Sunlight is really the best way to dry black powder, since it is never too hot, but it is hot enough to evaporate the water. 6) Scrape the black powder out of the beaker, and store it in a safe container. Plastic is really the safest container, followed by paper. Never store black powder in a plastic bag, since plastic bags are prone to generate static electricity. 2.2211 BLACK POWDER:GRANDPAS RECIPE TEXT BY, EL PIRATA' IF YA WANT TO MAKE SOME LOW EXPLOSIVE BOMBS THEN YOU PICKED THE RIGHT CHOICE! FIRST OF ALL, THIS RECIPE WILL SHOW HOW TO MAKE BLACK POWDER IN A SIMPLE AND SAFE MANNER YET HAVE THE POWER TO MAKE SOME STRONG LOW EXPLOSIVE BOMBS. NOTE: THE BELOW AMOUNTS WILL YIELD TWO POUNDS (THAT'S 900 GRAMS FOR YOU METRIC USERS) OF BLACK POWDER. HOWEVER, ONLY THE RATIOS OF THE AMOUNTS OF INGREDIENTS ARE IMPORTANT. THUS, FOR TWICE AS MUCH BLACK POWDER, DOUBLE ALL QUANTITIES USED. MATERIAL REQUIRED large wooden stick cloth, 2 ft. sq. flat window screening, 1 ft. sq. heat source water, 3 cups alcohol, 5 pints (any kind) sulfer, powdered, 1/2 cup (flowers wood charcoal, powdered, 2 cups of sulfer, at a drug store) potassium nitrate, granulatd, 3 cups 2 buckets, both 2 gallon, one must (saltpeter, at drug stores) be heat resistant PROCEDURE: 1. PLACE ALCOHOL IN ONE OF THE BUCKETS. 2. PLACE POTASSIUM NITRATE, CHARCOAL, AND SULFUR IN THE HEAT RESISTANT BUCKET. ADD 1 CUP WATER AND MIX THOROUGHLY WITH WOODEN STICK UNTIL ALL INGREDIENTS ARE DISSOLVED. 3. ADD REMAINING WATER (2 CUPS) TO MIXTURE. PLACE BUCKET ON HEAT SOURCE AND STIR UNTIL SMALL BUBBLES BEGIN TO FORM. CAUTION: DO NOT BOIL MIXTURE. BE SURE ALL MIXTURE STAYS WET. IF ANY IS DRY, AS ON SIDES OF PAN, IT MAY IGNITE. 4. REMOVE BUCKET FROM HEAT AND POUR MIXTURE INTO ALCOHOL WHILE STIRRING VIGOROUSLY. 5. LET ALCOHOL MIXTURE STAND ABOUT 5 MINUTES. STRAIN MIXTURE THROUGH CLOTH TO OBTAIN BLACK POWDER. DISCARD LIQUID. WRAP CLOTH AROUND BLACK POWDER AND SQUEEZE TO REMOVE ALL EXCESS LIQUID. 6. PLACE SCREENING OVER DRY BUCKET. PLACE WORKABLE AMOUNT OF DAMP POWDER ON SCREEN AND GRANULATE BY RUBBING SOLID THROUGH SCREEN. NOTE: IF GRANULATED PARTICLES APPEAR TO STICK TOGETHER AND CHANGE SHAPE, RECOMBINE ENTIRE BATCH OF POWDER AND REPEAT STEPS 5 AND 6. 7. SPREAD GRANULATED BLACK POWDER ON FLAT DRY SURFACE SO THAT LAYER ABOUT 1/2 INCH IS FORMED. ALLOW TO DRY. USE RADIATOR, OR DIRECT SUNLIGHT. THIS SHOULD BE DRIED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, PREFERABLY IN ONE HOUR. THE LONGER THE DRYING PERIOD, THE LESS EFFECTIVE THE BLACK POWDER. CAUTION: REMOVE FROM HEAT AS SOON AS GRANULES ARE DRY. BLACK POWDER IS NOW READY FOR USE! 2.222 NITROCELLULOSE Nitrocellulose is usually called "gunpowder" or "guncotton". It is more stable than black powder, and it produces a much greater volume of hot gas. It also burns much faster than black powder when it is in a confined space. Finally, nitrocellulose is fairly easy to make, as outlined by the following procedure: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ cotton (cellulose) two (2) 200-300 ml beakers concentrated funnel and filter paper nitric acid blue litmus paper concentrated sulfuric acid distilled water 1) Pour 10 cc of concentrated sulfuric acid into the beaker. Add to this 10 cc of concentrated nitric acid. 2) Immediately add 0.5 gm of cotton, and allow it to soak for exactly 3 minutes. 3) Remove the nitrocotton, and transfer it to a beaker of distilled water to wash it in. 4) Allow the material to dry, and then re-wash it. 5) After the cotton is neutral when tested with litmus paper, it is ready to be dried and stored. Addendum 4/12/91... true experience From andrew at cmu.edu (internet) > I used to make nitrocellulose, though. It was not guncotton grade, because I >didn't have oleum (H2SO4 with dissolved SO3); nevertheless it worked. At >first I got my H2SO4 from a little shop in downtown Philadelphia, which sold >soda-acid fire extinguisher refills. Not only was the acid concentrated, >cheap and plentiful, it came with enough carbonate to clean up. I'd add KNO3 >and a little water (OK, I'd add the acid to the water - but there was so >little water, what was added to what made little difference. It spattered >concentrated H2SO4 either way). Later on, when I could purchase the acids, I >believe I used 3 parts H2SO4 to 1 part HNO3. For cotton, I'd use cotton wool >or cotton cloth. > >Runaway nitration was commonplace, but it is usually not so disasterous with >nitrocellulose as it is with nitroglycerine. For some reason, I tried washing >the cotton cloth in a solution of lye, and rinsing it well in distilled >water. I let the cloth dry and then nitrated it. (Did I read this somewhere?) >When that product was nitrated, I never got a runaway reaction. BTW, water >quenched the runaway reaction of cellulose. > >The product was washed thoroughly and allowed to dry. It dissolved (or turned >into mush) in acetone. It dissolved in alcohol/ether. > >Warnings: > >All usual warnings regarding strong acids apply. H2SO4 likes to spatter. When >it falls on the skin, it destroys tissue - often painfully. It dissolves all >manner of clothing. Nitric also destroys skin, turning it bright yellow in >the process. Nitric is an oxidant - it can start fires. Both agents will >happily blind you if you get them in your eyes. Other warnings also apply. >Not for the novice. > > Nitrocellulose decomposes very slowly on storage. The decomposition is auto- >catalyzing, and can result in spontaneous explosion if the material is kept >confined over time. The process is much faster if the material is not washed >well enough. Nitrocellulose powders contain stabilizers such as diphenyl >amine or ethyl centralite. DO NOT ALLOW THESE TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH >NITRIC ACID!!!! A small amount of either substance will capture the small >amounts of nitrogen oxides that result from decomposition. They therefore >inhibit the autocatalysis. NC eventually will decompose in any case. > >Again, this is inherently dangerous and illegal in certain areas. I got away >with it. You may kill yourself and others if you try it. > > -Larry Commercially produced Nitrocellulose is stabilized by: 1. Spinning it in a large centrifuge to remove the remaining acid, which is recycled. 2. Immersion in a large quantity of fresh water. 3. Boiling it in acidulated water and washing it thoroughly with fresh water. If the NC is to be used as smokeless powder it is boiled in a soda solution, then rinsed in fresh water. The purer the acid used (lower water content) the more complete the nitration will be, and the more powerful the nitrocellulose produced. There are actually three forms of cellulose nitrate, only one of which is useful for pyrotechnic purposes. The mononitrate and dinitrate are not explosive, and are produced by incomplete nitration. If nitration is allowed to proceed to complete the explosive trinatrate is formed. CH OH CH ONO | 2 | 2 2 | | C-----O HNO C-----O /H \ 3 /H \ -CH CH-O- --> -CH CH-O- \H H/ H SO \H H/ C-----C 2 4 C-----C | | | | OH OH ONO ONO 2 2 CELLULOSE CELLULOSE TRINITRATE *End Addendum 2.223 FUEL-OXODIZER MIXTURES There are nearly an infinite number of fuel-oxodizer mixtures that can be produced by a misguided individual in his own home. Some are very effective and dangerous, while others are safer and less effective. A list of working fuel- oxodizer mixtures will be presented, but the exact measurements of each compound are debatable for maximum effectiveness. A rough estimate will be given of the percentages of each fuel and oxodizer: oxodizer, % by weight fuel, % by weight speed # notes ================================================================================ potassium chlorate 67% sulfur 33% 5 friction/impact sensitive; unstable potassium chlorate 50% sugar 35% 5 fairly slow burning; charcoal 15% unstable potassium chlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 extremely magnesium or unstable! aluminum dust 25% potassium chlorate 67% magnesium or 8 unstable aluminum dust 33% sodium nitrate 65% magnesium dust 30% ? unpredictable sulfur 5% burn rate potassium permanganate 60% glycerine 40% 4 delay before ignition depends WARNING: IGNITES SPONTANEOUSLY WITH GLYCERINE!!! upon grain size potassium permanganate 67% sulfur 33% 5 unstable potassium permangenate 60% sulfur 20% 5 unstable magnesium or aluminum dust 20% potassium permanganate 50% sugar 50% 3 ? potassium nitrate 75% charcoal 15% 7 this is sulfur 10% black powder! potassium nitrate 60% powdered iron 1 burns very hot or magnesium 40% Oxidizer, % by weight fuel, % by weight speed # notes ================================================================================ potassium chlorate 75% phosphorus 8 used to make strike- sesquisulfide 25% anywhere matches ammonium perchlorate 70% aluminum dust 30% 6 solid fuel for and small amount of space shuttle iron oxide potassium perchlorate 67% magnesium or 10 flash powder (sodium perchlorate) aluminum dust 33% potassium perchlorate 60% magnesium or 8 alternate (sodium perchlorate) aluminum dust 20% flash powder sulfur 20% barium nitrate 30% aluminum dust 30% 9 alternate potassium perchlorate 30% flash powder barium peroxide 90% magnesium dust 5% 10 alternate aluminum dust 5% flash powder potassium perchlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 slightly magnesium or unstable aluminum dust 25% potassium chlorate 67% red phosphorus 27% 7 very unstable calcium carbonate 3% sulfur 3% impact sensitive potassium permanganate 50% powdered sugar 25% 7 unstable; aluminum or ignites if magnesium dust 25% it gets wet! potassium chlorate 75% charcoal dust 15% 6 unstable sulfur 10% ================================================================================ NOTE: Mixtures that uses substitutions of sodium perchlorate for potassium perchlorate become moisture-absorbent and less stable. The higher the speed number, the faster the fuel-oxodizer mixture burns AFTER ignition. Also, as a rule, the finer the powder, the faster the rate of burning. As one can easily see, there is a wide variety of fuel-oxodizer mixtures that can be made at home. By altering the amounts of fuel and oxodizer(s), different burn rates can be achieved, but this also can change the sensitivity of the mixture. 2.224 PERCHLORATES As a rule, any oxidizable material that is treated with perchloric acid will become a low order explosive. Metals, however, such as potassium or sodium, become excellent bases for flash-type powders. Some materials that can be perchlorated are cotton, paper, and sawdust. To produce potassium or sodium perchlorate, simply acquire the hydroxide of that metal, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is a good idea to test the material to be treated with a very small amount of acid, since some of the materials tend to react explosively when contacted by the acid. Solutions of sodium or potassium hydroxide are ideal. 2.225 "RED OR WHITE POWDER" PROPELLANT Red or White Powder" Propellant may be preppared in a simple, safe manner. The formulation described below will result in approxi- mately 2-1/2 pounds of powder. This is a small arms propellant and should only be used in weapons with 1/2 in. inside diameter or less, such as the Match Gun or the 7.62 Carbine, but not pistols. MATERIAL REQUIRED: ----------------- Heat source (Kitchen stove or open fire) 2 gallon metal bucket Measuring cup (8 ounces) Wooden spoon or rubber spatula Metal sheet or aluminium foil (at least 18 in. sq) Flat window screen (at least 1 ft. sq.) Potassium nitrate (granulated) 2-1/3 cups White sugar (granulated) 2 cups Powdered ferric oxide (rust) 1/8 cup (if available) Clear water, 3-1/2 cups PROCEDURE: --------- 1. Place the sugar,potassium nitrate, and water in the bucket. Heat with a low flame, stirring occasionally until the sugar and potassium nitrate dissolve. 2. If available, add the ferric oxide (rust) to the solution. Increase the flame under the mixture until it boils gently. NOTE: The mixturewill retain the rust coloration. 3. Stir and scrape the bucket sides occasionally until the mixture is reduced to one quarter of its original volume, then stir continuosly. 4. As the water evaporates, the mixture will become thicker until it reaches the consistency of cooked breakfast cereal or homemade fudge. At this stage of thickness, remove the bucket from the heat source, and spread the mass on the metal sheet. 5. While the material cools, scoreit with the spoon or spatulain in crisscrossed furrows about 1 inch apart. 6. Allow the material to air dry, preferably in the sun. As it dries, rescore it occasionally (about every 20 minutes) to aid drying. 7. When the material has dried to a point where it is moist and soft but not sticky to the touch, place a small spoonful on the screen. Rub the material back and forth against the screen mash with spoon or other flat object until the material is granulated into small worm- like particles. 8. After granulation, return the material to the sun to dry completely. 2.226 ACETONE PEROXIDE EXPLOSIVE _______________________________________________________________________________ | | | Acetone Peroxide Explosive | | | | Brought to you by - | | | | Jack The Ripper | | | |_____________________________________________________________________________| This explosive can not only be used as an explosive, but also as a detonater. I will go into this one very detailed. -=-=-=-=-=- -MATERIALS- -=-=-=-=-=- Name Source ---- ------ Hydrogen Peroxide Hair Bleach, Drug Stores and Hair supply Stores Acetone Hardware Stores and Drug Stores Sulfuric Acid Clear battery acid boiled until white fumes appear. Eye Dropper or Syringe w/ glass tube Graduated Cylinder (cc or ml) Thermometer (0 to 100 degrees C) Glass Containers Large Pan Ice and Salt Water Paper Towels All the above can easily be commandeered from your school laboratory for your own purposes. -=-=-=-=-=- -PROCEDURE- -=-=-=-=-=- 1) Mix 30 ml of Acetone and 50ml of Hydrogen Peroxide into a glass container and mix thoroughly. 2) Cool it by plaicing it in a larger container containing ice, salt, and water. Now cool it to 5 degrees Celcius. 3) Add 2.5 ml of concentrated ulfuric acid to the mixture slowly (drop by drop w/ the eye dropper). Stir the mixture w/the thermometer keeping the the temperature between 5-10 degrees celcius. If the temperature rises don't shit just stop adding the sulfuric acid until it cools down then start adding it again. 4) Now that you got all the acid into the mixture continue stirring for another 5 minutes. 5) Now let the mixture stand for 12 to 24 hours in the ice/salt bath. 6) After 12 hours the crystals of acetone peroxide will precipitate out of the once clear solution. Precipitation should be done after 24 hours. 7) Now filter out the crystals through a paper towel attached to a jar with a rubber band. Then after that wash the crystals by pouring ice cold water over them, letting the water rinse the crystals and filter down through the paper towel into the jar. 8) Select a container and allow them to dry. -=-=-=- -USES!- -=-=-=- Now this can be used as an explosive however it is the simplest detonater that I have ever encountered. It works best in 2.5 inch lengths of brass tubing with one end sealed. The only drawback is that it must be used quickly as Acetone Peroxide deteriorates quickly. I have found that keeping it refrigerated seems to make it last longer however for optimum effects it should be used 7 days after manufacture at the latest. It also can be used to detonate almost every Ammonium Nitrate compound, and Ammonium Nitrate itself for that matter. Later... Jack The Ripper 2.23 HIGH-ORDER EXPLOSIVES High order explosives can be made in the home without too much difficulty. The main problem is acquiring the nitric acid to produce the high explosive. Most high explosives detonate because their molecular structure is made up of some fuel and usually three or more NO2 ( nitrogen dioxide ) molecules. T.N.T., or Tri-Nitro-Toluene is an excellent example of such a material. When a shock wave passes through an molecule of T.N.T., the nitrogen dioxide bond is broken, and the oxygen combines with the fuel, all in a matter of microseconds. This accounts for the great power of nitrogen-based explosives. Remembering that these procedures are NEVER TO BE CARRIED OUT, several methods of manufacturing high-order explosives in the home are listed. 2.231 R.D.X. R.D.X., also called cyclonite, or composition C-1 (when mixed with plasticisers) is one of the most valuable of all military explosives. This is because it has more than 150% of the power of T.N.T., and is much easier to detonate. It should not be used alone, since it can be set off by a not-too severe shock. It is less sensitive than mercury fulminate, or nitroglycerine, but it is still too sensitive to be used alone. R.D.X. can be made by the surprisingly simple method outlined hereafter. It is much easier to make in the home than all other high explosives, with the possible exception of ammonium nitrate. MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ hexamine 500 ml beaker or methenamine glass stirring rod fuel tablets (50 g) funnel and filter paper concentrated nitric acid (550 ml) ice bath container (plastic bucket) distilled water centigrade thermometer table salt blue litmus paper ice ammonium nitrate 1) Place the beaker in the ice bath, (see section 3.13, steps 3-4) and carefully pour 550 ml of concentrated nitric acid into the beaker. 2) When the acid has cooled to below 20 degrees centigrade, add small amounts of the crushed fuel tablets to the beaker. The temperature will rise, and it must be kept below 30 degrees centigrade, or dire consequences could result. Stir the mixture. 3) Drop the temperature below zero degrees centigrade, either by adding more ice and salt to the old ice bath, or by creating a new ice bath. Or, ammonium nitrate could be added to the old ice bath, since it becomes cold when it is put in water. Continue stirring the mixture, keeping the temperature below zero degrees centigrade for at least twenty minutes 4) Pour the mixture into a litre of crushed ice. Shake and stir the mixture, and allow it to melt. Once it has melted, filter out the crystals, and dispose of the corrosive liquid. 5) Place the crystals into one half a litre of boiling distilled water. Filter the crystals, and test them with the blue litmus paper. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the litmus paper remains blue. This will make the crystals more stable and safe. 6) Store the crystals wet until ready for use. Allow them to dry completely using them. R.D.X. is not stable enough to use alone as an explosive. 7) Composition C-1 can be made by mixing 88.3% R.D.X. (by weight) with 11.1% mineral oil, and 0.6% lecithin. Kneed these material together in a plastic bag. This is a good way to desensitize the explosive. 8) H.M.X. is a mixture of T.N.T. and R.D.X.; the ratio is 50/50, by weight. it is not as sensitive, and is almost as powerful as straight R.D.X. 9) By adding ammonium nitrate to the crystals of R.D.X. after step 5, it should be possible to desensitize the R.D.X. and increase its power, since ammonium nitrate is very insensitive and powerful. Soduim or potassium nitrate could also be added; a small quantity is sufficient to stabilize the R.D.X. 10) R.D.X. detonates at a rate of 8550 meters/second when it is compressed to a density of 1.55 g/cubic cm. 2.232 AMMONIUM NITRATE Ammonium nitrate could be made by a terrorist according to the hap-hazard method in section 2.33, or it could be stolen from a construction site, since it is usually used in blasting, because it is very stable and insensitive to shock and heat. A terrorist could also buy several Instant Cold-Paks from a drug store or medical supply store. The major disadvantage with ammonium nitrate, from a terrorist's point of view, would be detonating it. A rather powerful priming charge must be used, and usually with a booster charge. The diagram below will explain. _________________________________________ | | | ________| | | | | T.N.T.| ammonium nitrate | |primer |booster| | |_______| | | | | | |_______|_______________________________| The primer explodes, detonating the T.N.T., which detonates, sending a tremendous shockwave through the ammonium nitrate, detonating it. 2.233 ANFOS ANFO is an acronym for Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil Solution. An ANFO solves the only other major problem with ammonium nitrate: its tendency to pick up water vapor from the air. This results in the explosive failing to detonate when such an attempt is made. This is rectified by mixing 94% (by weight) ammonium nitrate with 6% fuel oil, or kerosene. The kerosene keeps the ammonium nitrate from absorbing moisture from the air. An ANFO also requires a large shockwave to set it off. * Addendum From hayes.ims.alaska.edu (internet) > > Lately there was been a lot said about various ANFO mixtures. These are >mixtures of Ammonium Nitrate with Fuel Oil. This forms a reasonably powerful >commercial explosive, with its primary benifit being the fact that it is >cheap. Bulk ANFO should run somewhere around 9-12 cents the pound. This is >dirt cheap compared to 40% nitro gel dynamites at 1 to 2 dollars the pound. >To keep the cost down, it is frequently mixed at the borehole by a bulk >truck, which has a pneumatic delivery hopper of AN prills (thats pellets to >most of the world) and a tank of fuel oil. It is strongly recommended that a >dye of some sort, preferably red be added to the fuel oil to make it easier >to distinguish treated AN explosive from untreated oxidizer. > > ANFO is not without its problems. To begin with, it is not that sensitive >to detonation. Number eight caps are not reliable when used with ANFO. >Booster charges must be used to avoid dud blast holes. Common boosters >include sticks of various dynamites, small pours of water gel explosives, >dupont's detaprime cast boosters, and Atlas's power primer cast explosive. >The need to use boosters raises the cost. Secondly, ANFO is very water >susceptable. It dissolves in it, or absorbes it from the atmosphere, and >becomes quite worthless real quick. It must be protected from water with >borehole liners, and still must be shot real quick. Third, ANFO has a low >density, somewhere around .85. This means ANFO sacks float, which is no >good, and additionally, the low density means the power is somewhat low. >Generally, the more weight of explosive one can place in a hole, the more >effective. ANFO blown into the hole with a pneumatic system fractures as it >is places, raising the density to about .9 or .92. The delivery system adds >to the cost, and must be anti static in nature. Aluminum is added to some >commercial, cartridge packaged ANFOs to raise the density---this also raises >power considerable, and a few of these mixtures are reliablly cap sensitive. > > Now than, for formulations. An earlier article mentioned 2.5 kilos of >ammonium nitrate, and I believe 5 to 6 liters of diesel. This mixture is >extremely over fueled, and I'd be surprised if it worked. Dupont recommends >a AN to FO ratio of 93% AN to 7% FO by weight. Hardly any oil at all. More >oil makes the mixture less explosive by absorbing detonation energy, and >excess fuel makes detonation byproducts health hazzards as the mixture is >oxygen poor. Note that commercial fertilizer products do not work as well as >the porous AN prills dupont sells, because fertilizers are coated with >various materials meant to seal them from moisture, which keep the oil from >being absorbed. > Another problem with ANFO: for reliable detonation, it needs confinement, >either from a casing, borehole, etc, or from the mass of the charge. Thus, >a pile of the stuff with a booster in it is likely to scatter and burn rather >than explode when the booster is shot. In boreholes, or reasonable strong >casings (cardboard, or heavy plastic film sacks) the stuff detonated quite >well. So will big piles. Thats how the explosive potential was discovered: >a small oil freighter rammed a bulk chemical ship. Over several hours the >cargoes intermixed to some degree, and reached critical mass. Real big >bang. A useful way to obtain the containment needed is to replace the fuel >oil with a wax fuel. Mix the AN with just enough melted wax to form a >cohesive mixture, mold into shape. The wax fuels, and retains the mixture. >This is what the US military uses as a man placed cratering charge. The >military literature states this can be set off by a blasting cap, but it >is important to remember the military blasting caps are considerable more >powerful than commercial ones. The military rightly insists on reliability, >and thus a strong cap (maybe 70-80 percent stronger than commercial). They >also tend to go overboard when calculating demolition charges...., but then >hey, who doesn't.... > > Two manuals of interest: Duponts "Blaster's Handbook", a $20 manual >mainly useful for rock and seismographic operations. Atlas's "Powder Manual" >or "Manual of Rock Blasting" (I forget the title, its in the office). This >is a $60 book, well worth the cash, dealing with the above two topics, plus >demolitions, and non-quarry blasting. > > Incidently, combining fuel oil and ammonium nitrate constitutes the >manufacture of a high explosive, and requires a federal permit to manufacture >and store. Even the mines that mix it on site require the permit to >manufacture. Those who don't manufacture only need permits to store. Those >who don't store need no permits, which includes most of us: anyone, at least >in the US may purchase explosives, provided they are 21 or older, and have no >criminal record. Note they ought to be used immediately, because you do need >a liscence to store. Note also that commercial explosives contain quantities >of tracing agents, which make it real easy for the FBI to trace the explosion >to the purchaser, so please, nobody blow up any banks, orphanages, or old >folks homes, okay. > > Dean Syta, Civil Engineer at large. *End Addendum 2.234 T.N.T. T.N.T., or Tri-Nitro-Toluene, is perhaps the second oldest known high explosive. Dynamite, of course, was the first. It is certainly the best known high explosive, since it has been popularized by early morning cartoons. It is the standard for comparing other explosives to, since it is the most well known. In industry, a T.N.T. is made by a three step nitration process that is designed to conserve the nitric and sulfuric acids which are used to make the product. A terrorist, however, would probably opt for the less economical one step method. The one step process is performed by treating toluene with very strong (fuming) sulfuric acid. Then, the sulfated toluene is treated with very strong (fuming) nitric acid in an ice bath. Cold water is added the solution, and it is filtered. 2.2341 T.N.T. II By THE SCREAMER Probably the most important explosive compond in use today is TNT (trinitrotoluene). This and other very similar types of high explosives ar all used by the military, because of their fantastic power- about 2.25 millions pounds per square inch, and there great stability. TNT also has the great advantage of being ableto be melted at 82 degrees F., so that it can be poured into shells, mortars, or any other projectiles. Military TNT comes in containers which resemble dryu cell batteries, and are usually ingnited by an electrical charge, coupled with an electical blasting cap, although there are other methods. Preparation of TNT 1. Take two beakers. In the first prepare a solution of 76 percent sulfuric acid, 23 percent nitric acid and 1 percent water. In the other beaker, prepare another solution of 57 percent nitric acid and 43 percent sulfuric acid (percentages are on a weig ht ratio rather than volume). 2. Ten grams of the first solutions are poured into an empty beaker and placed in an ice bath. 3. Add ten grams of toluene, and stir for several minutes. 4. remove this beaker from the ice bath and gently heat until it reaches 50 degrees C. The solution is stirred constantly while being heated. 5. Fifty additional grams of the acid, from the first beaker, are added and the temperature is held for the next ten minutes, and an oily liquid will begin to form on the top of the acid. 6. After 10 or 12 minutes, the acid solution is returned to the ice bath, and cooled to 45 degrees C. when reaching this temperature, the oily liquid will sink and collect at the bottom of the beaker. At this point, the remaining acid solution should be drawn off, by using a syringe. 7. Fifty more grams of the first acid solution are added to the oily liquid while the temperature is SLOWLY being raised to 83 degrees C. After this temperature is reached, it is maintaind for a full half hour. 8. At the end of this period, he solution is allowed to cool to 60 degrees C>, and is held at this temperature for another full half hour. After this, the acid is again drawn off, leaving once more only the oily liquid at the bottom. 9. Thirty grams of sulfuric acid are added, while the oily liquid is gently heated to 80 degrees C. All temperature increases must be accoumplished slowly and gently. 10.Once the desired temperature is reached, 30 grams of the second acid solution are added, and the temperature is raised from 80 dgregrees C> to 104 degrees C., and is held for three hours. 11.After this three hour period, the mixture is lowered to 100 degrees C. and held there for a half hour. 12.After this half hour, the oil is removed form the acid and washed with boiling water. 13.After the washing with boiling water, while being stired constantly, the TNT will begin to solidify. 14.When the solidification has started, cold water is added to the beaker, so that the TNT will form into pellets. Once this is done, you have a good quality TNT. NOTE: the temperatures used in the preparation of TNT are EXACT, and must be used as such. DO NOT estimate or use aproximations. Buy a good centigrade thermometer. The author take NO RESPONSIBILITY for any damage to persons or property for this formula. It is supplied for STUDY PURPOSES ONLY. 2.235 POTASSIUM CHLORATE Potassium chlorate itself cannot be made in the home, but it can be obtained from labs. If potassium chlorate is mixed with a small amount of vaseline, or other petroleum jelly, and a shockwave is passed through it, the material will detonate with slightly more power than black powder. It must, however, be confined to detonate it in this manner. The procedure for making such an explosive is outlined below: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ potassium chlorate zip-lock plastic bag (9 parts, by volume) petroleum jelly clay grinding bowl (vaseline) or (1 part, by volume) wooden bowl and wooden spoon 1) Grind the potassium chlorate in the grinding bowl carefully and slowly, until the potassium chlorate is a very fine powder. The finer that it is powdered, the faster (better) it will detonate. 2) Place the powder into the plastic bag. Put the petroleum jelly into the plastic bag, getting as little on the sides of the bag as possible, i.e. put the vaseline on the potassium chlorate powder. 3) Close the bag, and kneed the materials together until none of the potassium chlorate is dry powder that does not stick to the main glob. If necessary, add a bit more petroleum jelly to the bag. 4) The material must me used within 24 hours, or the mixture will react to greatly reduce the effectiveness of the explosive. This reaction, however, is harmless, and releases no heat or dangerous products. 2.236 DYNAMITE The name dynamite comes from the Greek word "dynamis", meaning power. Dynamite was invented by Nobel shortly after he made nitroglycerine. It was made because nitroglycerine was so dangerously sensitive to shock. A misguided individual with some sanity would, after making nitroglycerine (an insane act) would immediately convert it to dynamite. This can be done by adding various materials to the nitroglycerine, such as sawdust. The sawdust holds a large weight of nitroglycerine per volume. Other materials, such as ammonium nitrate could be added, and they would tend to desensitize the explosive, and increase the power. But even these nitroglycerine compounds are not really safe. 2.237 NITROSTARCH EXPLOSIVES Nitrostarch explosives are simple to make, and are fairly powerful. All that need be done is treat various starches with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid is added to 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid. To this mixture is added 0.5 grams of starch. Cold water is added, and the apparently unchanged nitrostarch is filtered out. Nitrostarch explosives are of slightly lower power than T.N.T., but they are more readily detonated. 2.238 PICRIC ACID Picric acid, also known as Tri-Nitro-Phenol, or T.N.P., is a military explosive that is most often used as a booster charge to set off another less sensitive explosive, such as T.N.T. It another explosive that is fairly simple to make, assuming that one can acquire the concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. Its procedure for manufacture is given in many college chemistry lab manuals, and is easy to follow. The main problem with picric acid is its tendency to form dangerously sensitive and unstable picrate salts, such as potassium picrate. For this reason, it is usually made into a safer form, such as ammonium picrate, also called explosive D. A social deviant would probably use a formula similar to the one presented here to make picric acid. MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ phenol (9.5 g) 500 ml flask concentrated adjustable heat source sulfuric acid (12.5 ml) 1000 ml beaker concentrated nitric or other container acid (38 ml) suitable for boiling in distilled water filter paper and funnel glass stirring rod 1) Place 9.5 grams of phenol into the 500 ml flask, and carefully add 12.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid and stir the mixture. 2) Put 400 ml of tap water into the 1000 ml beaker or boiling container and bring the water to a gentle boil. 3) After warming the 500 ml flask under hot tap water, place it in the boiling water, and continue to stir the mixture of phenol and acid for about thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, take the flask out, and allow it to cool for about five minutes. 4) Pour out the boiling water used above, and after allowing the container to cool, use it to create an ice bath, similar to the one used in section 3.13, steps 3-4. Place the 500 ml flask with the mixed acid an phenol in the ice bath. Add 38 ml of concentrated nitric acid in small amounts, stirring the mixture constantly. A vigorous but "harmless" reaction should occur. When the mixture stops reacting vigorously, take the flask out of the ice bath. 5) Warm the ice bath container, if it is glass, and then begin boiling more tap water. Place the flask containing the mixture in the boiling water, and heat it in the boiling water for 1.5 to 2 hours. 6) Add 100 ml of cold distilled water to the solution, and chill it in an ice bath until it is cold. 7) Filter out the yellowish-white picric acid crystals by pouring the solution through the filter paper in the funnel. Collect the liquid and dispose of it in a safe place, since it is corrosive. 8) Wash out the 500 ml flask with distilled water, and put the contents of the filter paper in the flask. Add 300 ml of water, and shake vigorously. 9) Re-filter the crystals, and allow them to dry. 10) Store the crystals in a safe place in a glass container, since they will react with metal containers to produce picrates that could explode spontaneously. 2.239 AMMONIUM PICRATE Ammonium picrate, also called Explosive D, is another safety explosive. It requires a substantial shock to cause it to detonate, slightly less than that required to detonate ammonium nitrate. It is much safer than picric acid, since it has little tendency to form hazardous unstable salts when placed in metal containers. It is simple to make from picric acid and clear household ammonia. All that need be done is put the picric acid crystals into a glass container and dissolve them in a great quantity of hot water. Add clear household ammonia in excess, and allow the excess ammonia to evaporate. The powder remaining should be ammonium picrate. 2.2391 NITROGEN TRICHLORIDE Nitrogen trichloride, also known as chloride of azode, is an oily yellow liquid. It explodes violently when it is heated above 60 degrees celsius, or when it comes in contact with an open flame or spark. It is fairly simple to produce. 1) In a beaker, dissolve about 5 teaspoons of ammonium nitrate in water. Do not put so much ammonium nitrate into the solution that some of it remains undissolved in the bottom of the beaker. 2) Collect a quantity of chlorine gas in a second beaker by mixing hydrochloric acid with potassium permanganate in a large flask with a stopper and glass pipe. 3) Place the beaker containing the chlorine gas upside down on top of the beaker containing the ammonium nitrate solution, and tape the beakers together. Gently heat the bottom beaker. When this is done, oily yellow droplets will begin to form on the surface of the solution, and sink down to the bottom. At this time, remove the heat source immediately. Alternately, the chlorine can be bubbled through the ammonium nitrate solution, rather than collecting the gas in a beaker, but this requires timing and a stand to hold the beaker and test tube. The chlorine gas can also be mixed with anhydrous ammonia gas, by gently heating a flask filled with clear household ammonia. Place the glass tubes from the chlorine-generating flask and the tube from the ammonia-generating flask in another flask that contains water. 4) Collect the yellow droplets with an eyedropper, and use them immediately, since nitrogen trichloride decomposes in 24 hours. 2.2392 LEAD AZIDE Lead Azide is a material that is often used as a booster charge for other explosive, but it does well enough on its own as a fairly sensitive explosive. It does not detonate too easily by percussion or impact, but it is easily detonated by heat from an igniter wire, or a blasting cap. It is simple to produce, assuming that the necessary chemicals can be procured. By dissolving sodium azide and lead acetate in water in separate beakers, the two materials are put into an aqueous state. Mix the two beakers together, and apply a gentle heat. Add an excess of the lead acetate solution, until no reaction occurs, and the precipitate on the bottom of the beaker stops forming. Filter off the solution, and wash the precipitate in hot water. The precipitate is lead azide, and it must be stored wet for safety. If lead acetate cannot be found, simply acquire acetic acid, and put lead metal in it. Black powder bullets work well for this purpose. 2.2393 ASTROLITE By: Future Spy & The Fighting Falcon Note: Information on the Astrolite Explosives were taken from the book 'Two Component High Explosive Mixtures' By Desert Pub'l Some of the chemicals used are somewhat toxic, but who gives a fuck! Go ahead! I won't even bother mentioning 'This information is for enlightening purposes only'! I would love it if everyone made a gallon of astrolite and blew their fucking school to kingdom scum! Astrolite The astrolite family of liquid explosives were products of rocket propellant research in the '60's. Astrolite A-1-5 is supposed to be the world's most powerful non-nuclear explosive -at about 1.8 to 2 times more powerful than TNT. Being more powerful it is also safer to handle than TNT (not that it isn't safe in the first place) and Nitroglycerin. Astrolite G "Astrolite G is a clear liquid explosive especially designed to produce very high detonation velocity, 8,600MPS (meters/sec.), compared with 7,700MPS for nitroglycerin and 6,900MPS for TNT...In addition, a very unusual characteristic is that it the liquid explosive has the ability to be absorbed easily into the ground while remaining detonatable...In field tests, Astrolite G has remained detonatable for 4 days in the ground, even when the soil was soaked due to rainy weather" know what that means?....Astrolite Dynamite! To make (mix in fairly large container & outside) Two parts by weight of ammonium nitrate mixed with one part by weight 'anhydrous' hydrazine, produces Astrolite G...Simple enough eh? I'm sure that the 2:1 ratio is not perfect,and that if you screw around with it long enough, that you'll find a better formula. Also, dunno why the book says 'anhydrous' hydrazine, hydrazine is already anhydrous... Hydrazine is the chemical you'll probably have the hardest time getting hold of. Uses for Hydrazine are: Rocket fuel, agricultural chemicals (maleic hydra-zide), drugs (antibacterial and antihypertension), polymerization catalyst, plating metals on glass and plastics, solder fluxes, photographic developers, diving equipment. Hydrazine is also the chemical you should be careful with. Astrolite A/A-1-5 Mix 20% (weight) aluminum powder to the ammonium nitrate, and then mix with hydrazine. The aluminum powder should be 100 mesh or finer. Astrolite A has a detonation velocity of 7,800MPS. Misc. info You should be careful not to get any of the astrolite on you,if it happens though, you should flush the area with water. Astrolite A&G both should be able to be detonated by a #8 blasting cap. 2.24 OTHER "EXPLOSIVES" The remaining section covers the other types of materials that can be used to destroy property by fire. Although none of the materials presented here are explosives, they still produce explosive-style results. 2.241 THERMITE Thermite is a fuel-oxodizer mixture that is used to generate tremendous amounts of heat. It was not presented in section 3.23 because it does not react nearly as readily. It is a mixture of iron oxide and aluminum, both finely powdered. When it is ignited, the aluminum burns, and extracts the oxygen from the iron oxide. This is really two very exothermic reactions that produce a combined temperature of about 2200 degrees C. This is half the heat produced by an atomic weapon. It is difficult to ignite, however, but when it is ignited, it is one of the most effective firestarters around. MATERIALS ½½½½½½½½½ powdered aluminum (10 g) powdered iron oxide (10 g) 1) There is no special procedure or equipment required to make thermit. Simply mix the two powders together, and try to make the mixture as homogenous as possible. The ratio of iron oxide to aluminum is 50% / 50% by weight, and be made in greater or lesser amounts. 2) Ignition of thermite can be accomplished by adding a small amount of potassium chlorate to the thermite, and pouring a few drops of sulfuric acid on it. This method and others will be discussed later in section 4.33. The other method of igniting thermite is with a magnesium strip. Finally, by using common sparkler-type fireworks placed in the thermit, the mixture can be ignited. 2.242 MOLOTOV COCKTAILS First used by Russians against German tanks, the Molotov cocktail is now exclusively used by terrorists worldwide. They are extremely simple to make, and can produce devastating results. By taking any highly flammable material, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, ethyl or methyl alcohol, lighter fluid, turpentine, or any mixture of the above, and putting it into a large glass bottle, anyone can make an effective firebomb. After putting the flammable liquid in the bottle, simply put a piece of cloth that is soaked in the liquid in the top of the bottle so that it fits tightly. Then, wrap some of the cloth around the neck and tie it, but be sure to leave a few inches of lose cloth to light. Light the exposed cloth, and throw the bottle. If the burning cloth does not go out, and if the bottle breaks on impact, the contents of the bottle will spatter over a large area near the site of impact, and burst into flame. Flammable mixtures such as kerosene and motor oil should be mixed with a more volatile and flammable liquid, such as gasoline, to insure ignition. A mixture such as tar or grease and gasoline will stick to the surface that it strikes, and burn hotter, and be more difficult to extinguish. A mixture such as this must be shaken well before it is lit and thrown 2.243 CHEMICAL FIRE BOTTLE The chemical fire bottle is really an advanced molotov cocktail. Rather than using the burning cloth to ignite the flammable liquid, which has at best a fair chance of igniting the liquid, the chemical fire bottle utilizes the very hot and violent reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium chlorate. When the container breaks, the sulfuric acid in the mixture of gasoline sprays onto the paper soaked in potassium chlorate and sugar. The paper, when struck by the acid, instantly bursts into a white flame, igniting the gasoline. The chance of failure to ignite the gasoline is less than 2%, and can be reduced to 0%, if there is enough potassium chlorate and sugar to spare. MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ potassium chlorate glass bottle (2 teaspoons) (12 oz.) sugar (2 teaspoons) cap for bottle, w/plastic inside with plastic inside conc. sulfuric acid (4 oz.) cooking pan with raised edges gasoline (8 oz.) paper towels glass or plastic cup and spoon 1) Test the cap of the bottle with a few drops of sulfuric acid to make sure that the acid will not eat away the bottle cap during storage. If the acid eats through it in 24 hours, a new top must be found and tested, until a cap that the acid does not eat through is found. A glass top is excellent. 2) Carefully pour 8 oz. of gasoline into the glass bottle. 3) Carefully pour 4 oz. of concentrated sulfuric acid into the glass bottle. Wipe up any spills of acid on the sides of the bottle, and screw the cap on the bottle. Wash the bottle's outside with plenty of water. Set it aside to dry. 4) Put about two teaspoons of potassium chlorate and about two teaspoons of sugar into the glass or plastic cup. Add about 1/2 cup of boiling water, or enough to dissolve all of the potassium chlorate and sugar. 5) Place a sheet of paper towel in the cooking pan with raised edges. Fold the paper towel in half, and pour the solution of dissolved potassium chlorate and sugar on it until it is thoroughly wet. Allow the towel to dry. 6) When it is dry, put some glue on the outside of the glass bottle containing the gasoline and sulfuric acid mixture. Wrap the paper towel around the bottle, making sure that it sticks to it in all places. Store the bottle in a place where it will not be broken or tipped over. 7) When finished, the solution in the bottle should appear as two distinct liquids, a dark brownish-red solution on the bottom, and a clear solution on top. The two solutions will not mix. To use the chemical fire bottle, simply throw it at any hard surface. 8) NEVER OPEN THE BOTTLE, SINCE SOME SULFURIC ACID MIGHT BE ON THE CAP, WHICH COULD TRICKLE DOWN THE SIDE OF THE BOTTLE AND IGNITE THE POTASSIUM CHLORATE, CAUSING A FIRE AND/OR EXPLOSION. 9) To test the device, tear a small piece of the paper towel off the bottle, and put a few drops of sulfuric acid on it. The paper towel should immediately burst into a white flame. 2.244 BOTTLED GAS EXPLOSIVES Bottled gas, such as butane for refilling lighters, propane for propane stoves or for bunsen burners, can be used to produce a powerful explosion. To make such a device, all that a simple-minded anarchist would have to do would be to take his container of bottled gas and place it above a can of Sterno or other gelatinized fuel, light the fuel and run. Depending on the fuel used, and on the thickness of the fuel container, the liquid gas will boil and expand to the point of bursting the container in about five minutes. In theory, the gas would immediately be ignited by the burning gelatinized fuel, producing a large fireball and explosion. Unfortunately, the bursting of the bottled gas container often puts out the fuel, thus preventing the expanding gas from igniting. By using a metal bucket half filled with gasoline, however, the chances of ignition are better, since the gasoline is less likely to be extinguished. Placing the canister of bottled gas on a bed of burning charcoal soaked in gasoline would probably be the most effective way of securing ignition of the expanding gas, since although the bursting of the gas container may blow out the flame of the gasoline, the burning charcoal should immediately re-ignite it. Nitrous oxide, hydrogen, propane, acetylene, or any other flammable gas will do nicely. Addendum 4/12/91: During the recent gulf war, fuel/air bombs were touted as being second only to nuclear weapons in their devastating effects. These are basically similar to the above devices, except that an explosive charge is used to rupture the fuel container and disperse it over a wide area. a second charge is used to detonate the fuel. The reaction is said to produce a massive shockwave and to burn all the oxygen in a large area, causing suffocation. Another benefit of a fuel-air explosive is that the gas will seep into fortified bunkers and other partially-sealed spaces, so a large bomb placed in a building would result in the destruction of the majority of surrounding rooms, rendering it structurally unsound. *End addendum 2.3 USING EXPLOSIVES Once a terrorist has made his explosives, the next logical step is to apply them. Explosives have a wide range of uses, from harassment, to vandalism, to murder. NONE OF THE IDEAS PRESENTED HERE ARE EVER TO BE CARRIED OUT, EITHER IN PART OR IN FULL! DOING SO CAN LEAD TO PROSECUTION, FINES, AND IMPRISONMENT! The first step that a person that would use explosive would take would be to determine how big an explosive device would be needed to do whatever had to be done. Then, he would have to decide what to make his bomb with. He would also have to decide on how he wanted to detonate the device, and determine where the best placement for it would be. Then, it would be necessary to see if the device could be put where he wanted it without it being discovered or moved. Finally, he would actually have to sit down and build his explosive device. These are some of the topics covered in the next section. 2.31 SAFETY There is no such thing as a "safe" explosive device. One can only speak in terms of relative safety, or less unsafe. 2.32 IGNITION DEVICES There are many ways to ignite explosive devices. There is the classic "light the fuse, throw the bomb, and run" approach, and there are sensitive mercury switches, and many things in between. Generally, electrical detonation systems are safer than fuses, but there are times when fuses are more appropriate than electrical systems; it is difficult to carry an electrical detonation system into a stadium, for instance, without being caught. A device with a fuse or impact detonating fuse would be easier to hide. 2.321 FUSE IGNITION The oldest form of explosive ignition, fuses are perhaps the favorite type of simple ignition system. By simply placing a piece of waterproof fuse in a device, one can have almost guaranteed ignition. Modern waterproof fuse is extremely reliable, burning at a rate of about 2.5 seconds to the inch. It is available as model rocketry fuse in most hobby shops, and costs about $3.00 for a nine-foot length. Fuse is a popular ignition system for pipe bombers because of its simplicity. All that need be done is light it with a match or lighter. Of course, if the Army had fuses like this, then the grenade, which uses fuse ignition, would be very impracticle. If a grenade ignition system can be acquired, by all means, it is the most effective. But, since such things do not just float around, the next best thing is to prepare a fuse system which does not require the use of a match or lighter, but still retains its simplicity. One such method is described below: MATERIALS _________ strike-on-cover type matches electrical tape or duct tape waterproof fuse 1) To determine the burn rate of a particular type of fuse, simply measure a 6 inch or longer piece of fuse and ignite it. With a stopwatch, press the start button the at the instant when the fuse lights, and stop the watch when the fuse reaches its end. Divide the time of burn by the length of fuse, and you have the burn rate of the fuse, in seconds per inch. This will be shown below: Suppose an eight inch piece of fuse is burned, and its complete time of combustion is 20 seconds. 20 seconds ½½½½½½½½½½ = 2.5 seconds per inch. 8 inches If a delay of 10 seconds was desired with this fuse, divide the desired time by the number of seconds per inch: 10 seconds ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½ = 4 inches 2.5 seconds / inch NOTE: THE LENGTH OF FUSE HERE MEANS LENGTH OF FUSE TO THE POWDER. SOME FUSE, AT LEAST AN INCH, SHOULD BE INSIDE THE DEVICE. ALWAYS ADD THIS EXTRA INCH, AND PUT THIS EXTRA INCH AN INCH INTO THE DEVICE!!! 2) After deciding how long a delay is desired before the explosive device is to go off, add about 1/2 an inch to the premeasured amount of fuse, and cut it off. 3) Carefully remove the cardboard matches from the paper match case. Do not pull off individual matches; keep all the matches attached to the cardboard base. Take one of the cardboard match sections, and leave the other one to make a second igniter. 4) Wrap the matches around the end of the fuse, with the heads of the matches touching the very end of the fuse. Tape them there securely, making sure not to put tape over the match heads. Make sure they are very secure by pulling on them at the base of the assembly. They should not be able to move. 5) Wrap the cover of the matches around the matches attached to the fuse, making sure that the striker paper is below the match heads and the striker faces the match heads. Tape the paper so that is fairly tight around the matches. Do not tape the cover of the striker to the fuse or to the matches. Leave enough of the match book to pull on for ignition. _____________________ \ / \ / ------ match book cover \ / | M|f|M ---|------- match head | A|u|A | | T|s|T | | C|e|C | |tapeH|.|Htape| | |f| | |#####|u|#####|-------- striking paper |#####|s|#####| \ |e| / \ |.| / \ |f| / \ |u| / |ta|s|pe| |ta|e|pe| |.| |f| |u| |s| |e| |.| |_| The match book is wrapped around the matches, and is taped to itself. The matches are taped to the fuse. The striker will rub against the matcheads when the match book is pulled. 6) When ready to use, simply pull on the match paper. It should pull the striking paper across the match heads with enough friction to light them. In turn, the burning matcheads will light the fuse, since it adjacent to the burning match heads. 2.3211 HOW TO MAKE BLACKMATCH FUSE Take a flat piece of plastic or metal (brass or aluminum are easy to work with and won't rust). Drill a 1/16th inch hole through it. This is your die for sizing the fuse. You can make fuses as big as you want, but this is the right size for the pipe bomb I will be getting to later. To about 1/2 cup of black powder add water to make a thin paste. Add 1/2 teaspoon of corn starch. Cut some one foot lengths of cotton thread. Use cotton, not silk or thread made from synthetic fibers. Put these together until you have a thickness that fills the hole in the die but can be drawn through very easily. Tie your bundle of threads together at one end. Separate the threads and hold the bundle over the black powder mixture. Lower the threads with a circular motion so they start curling onto the mixture. Press them under with the back of a teaspoon and continue lowering them so they coil into the paste. Take the end you are holding and thread it through the die. Pull it through smoothly in one long motion. To dry your fuse, lay it on a piece of aluminum foil and bake it in your 250 degree oven or tie it to a grill in the oven and let it hang down. The fuse must be baked to make it stiff enough for the uses it will be put to later. Air drying will not do the job. If you used Sodium Nitrate, it will not even dry completely at room temperatures. Cut the dry fuse with sissors into 2 inch lengths and store in an air tight container. Handle this fuse carefuly to avoid breaking it. You can also use a firecracker fuse if you have any available. The fuses can usually be pulled out without breaking. To give yourself some running time, you will be extending these fuses (blackmatch or firecracker fuse) with sulfured wick. 2.322 IMPACT IGNITION Impact ignition is an excellent method of ignition for spontaneous terrorist activities. The problem with an impact-detonating device is that it must be kept in a very safe container so that it will not explode while being transported to the place where it is to be used. This can be done by having a removable impact initiator. The best and most reliable impact initiator is one that uses factory made initiators or primers. A no. 11 cap for black powder firearms is one such primer. They usually come in boxes of 100, and cost about $2.50. To use such a cap, however, one needs a nipple that it will fit on. Black powder nipples are also available in gun stores. All that a person has to do is ask for a package of nipples and the caps that fit them. Nipples have a hole that goes all the way through them, and they have a threaded end, and an end to put the cap on. A cutaway of a nipple is shown below: ________________ | | _ | | | | |/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\| _______| |^^^^^^^| | ___________| | | no. 11 |_______| percussion _______ ------- threads for screwing cap : here |__________ nipple onto bomb |____ | | |^^^^^^^^^| |_| |/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/| | | |_________________| When making using this type of initiator, a hole must be drilled into whatever container is used to make the bomb out of. The nipple is then screwed into the hole so that it fits tightly. Then, the cap can be carried and placed on the bomb when it is to be thrown. The cap should be bent a small amount before it is placed on the nipple, to make sure that it stays in place. The only other problem involved with an impact detonating bomb is that it must strike a hard surface on the nipple to set it off. By attaching fins or a small parachute on the end of the bomb opposite the primer, the bomb, when thrown, should strike the ground on the primer, and explode. Of course, a bomb with mercury fulminate in each end will go off on impact regardless of which end it strikes on, but mercury fulminate is also likely to go off if the person carrying the bomb is bumped hard. 2.323 ELECTRICAL IGNITION Electrical ignition systems for detonation are usually the safest and most reliable form of ignition. Electrical systems are ideal for demolition work, if one doesn't have to worry so much about being caught. With two spools of 500 ft of wire and a car battery, one can detonate explosives from a "safe", comfortable distance, and be sure that there is nobody around that could get hurt. With an electrical system, one can control exactly what time a device will explode, within fractions of a second. Detonation can be aborted in less than a second's warning, if a person suddenly walks by the detonation sight, or if a police car chooses to roll by at the time. The two best electrical igniters are military squibs and model rocketry igniters. Blasting caps for construction also work well. Model rocketry igniters are sold in packages of six, and cost about $1.00 per pack. All that need be done to use them is connect it to two wires and run a current through them. Military squibs are difficult to get, but they are a little bit better, since they explode when a current is run through them, whereas rocketry igniters only burst into flame. Military squibs can be used to set off sensitive high explosives, such as R.D.X., or potassium chlorate mixed with petroleum jelly. Igniters can be used to set off black powder, mercury fulminate, or guncotton, which in turn, can set of a high order explosive. 2.324 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL IGNITION Electro-mechanical ignition systems are systems that use some type of mechanical switch to set off an explosive charge electrically. This type of switch is typically used in booby traps or other devices in which the person who places the bomb does not wish to be anywhere near the device when it explodes. Several types of electro-mechanical detonators will be discussed 2.324 Mercury Switches Mercury switches are a switch that uses the fact that mercury metal conducts electricity, as do all metals, but mercury metal is a liquid at room temperatures. A typical mercury switch is a sealed glass tube with two electrodes and a bead of mercury metal. It is sealed because of mercury's nasty habit of giving off brain-damaging vapors. The diagram below may help to explain a mercury switch. ______________ A / \ B _____wire +______/_________ \ \ ( Hg )| / \ _(_Hg___)|___/ | | wire - | | | When the drop of mercury ("Hg" is mercury's atomic symbol) touches both contacts, current flows through the switch. If this particular switch was in its present position, A---B, current would be flowing, since the mercury can touch both contacts in the horizontal position. If, however, it was in the | position, the drop of mercury would only touch the + contact on the A side. Current, then couldn't flow, since mercury does not reach both contacts when the switch is in the vertical position. This type of switch is ideal to place by a door. If it were placed in the path of a swinging door in the verticle position, the motion of the door would knock the switch down, if it was held to the ground by a piece if tape. This would tilt the switch into the verticle position, causing the mercury to touch both contacts, allowing current to flow through the mercury, and to the igniter or squib in an explosive device. Imagine opening a door and having it slammed in your face by an explosion. 2.325 Tripwire Switches A tripwire is an element of the classic booby trap. By placing a nearly invisible line of string or fishing line in the probable path of a victim, and by putting some type of trap there also, nasty things can be caused to occur. If this mode of thought is applied to explosives, how would one use such a tripwire to detonate a bomb. The technique is simple. By wrapping the tips of a standard clothespin with aluminum foil, and placing something between them, and connecting wires to each aluminum foil contact, an electric tripwire can be made, If a piece of wood attached to the tripwire was placed between the contacts on the clothespin, the clothespin would serve as a switch. When the tripwire was pulled, the clothespin would snap together, allowing current to flow between the two pieces of aluminum foil, thereby completing a circuit, which would have the igniter or squib in it. Current would flow between the contacts to the igniter or squib, heat the igniter or squib, causing it it to explode. __________________________________ \_foil___________________________/ Insert strip of ----------------------------spring wood with trip- _foil__________________________ wire between foil /_______________________________\ contacts. Make sure that the aluminum foil contacts do not touch the spring, since the spring also conducts electricity. 2.326 Radio Control Detonators In the movies, every terrorist or criminal uses a radio controlled detonator to set off explosives. With a good radio detonator, one can be several miles away from the device, and still control exactly when it explodes, in much the same way as an electrical switch. The problem with radio detonators is that they are rather costly. However, there could possibly be a reason that a terrorist would wish to spend the amounts of money involved with a RC (radio control) system and use it as a detonator. If such an individual wanted to devise an RC detonator, all he would need to do is visit the local hobby store or toy store, and buy a radio controlled toy. Taking it back to his/her abode, all that he/she would have to do is detach the solenoid/motor that controls the motion of the front wheels of a RC car, or detach the solenoid/motor of the elevators/rudder of a RC plane, or the rudder of a RC boat, and re-connect the squib or rocket engine igniter to the contacts for the solenoid/motor. The device should be tested several times with squibs or igniters, and fully charged batteries should be in both he controller and the receiver (the part that used to move parts before the device became a detonator). 2.327 MINI-COMPOUND DETONATOR'S _______________________________________________________________________________ | | | Mini-Compound Detonater's | | | | Brought to you by- | | | | Jack The Ripper | | | |_____________________________________________________________________________| This is basically a tutorial in making detonaters, and there are a few rules, that I would like each and every one of you to follow. Making detonaters is very very dangerous considering that the purpose of detonaters is for them to be sensitive and easily detonated, so be careful. Also the detonaters I am telling you how to make are small, but the same principle can be applied on a larger scale. -=-=-=-=-=- -MATERIALS- -=-=-=-=-=- Name Source ---- ------ Empty .22 Magnum shells or copper/brass/aluminum Gun stores or Hardware tubing 1/4 inch in diameter and 1 inch long. These Stores tubes must also be closed at one end. A substantial quantity of Secondary Explosive i.e. RDX RDX Article 3 this (amount depends on how many detonaters you intend to issue of "Anarchy make) or PETN can be substituted here. Today" PETN is the center filling of detonating cords. A substantial quantity of primary explosive i.e. Acetone Peroxide Mercury Fulminate or Acetone Peroxide. Article 1 this issue of "Anarchy Today" An ignition charge of black powder. Gun stores FFF black powder. A loading press (commonly used for reloading shells Gun stores also please be safe considering a few of these detonaters may detonate when being compressed, so take the neccessary precautions such as safty glasses etc...) -=-=-=-=-=- -PROCEDURE- -=-=-=-=-=- *NOTE* dirt or oil may sensitive the detonaters to an unsafe level so when handling the primary ad secondary and ingnition charges use tongs. Also boil a bucket of water in the room as humidity helps or if your in a house turn your shower on hot and leave it on! 1) Now light a candle, and let two drops of wax drip into each shell casing before use. Then let the wax cool down. 2) Now fill the casing to a depth of 1/4 inch with RDX or PETN, and then *GENTLY and SLOWLY* insert the ram and compress the explosive slowly and evenly. Now remove the ram slowly and carefully. 3) Continue this process adding small amounts of RDX or PETN until a column of secondary explosive 5/8 of an inch high has been pressed into the 1 inch shell casing. 4) Now add a small amount of Primary explosive the same way you added the secondary explosive on top of the secondary explosive. Now add the Mercury Fulminate or Acetone Peroxide on top of the 5/8 inch column of secondary explosive and compress it with the ram until it reaches a height of primary explosive 1/4 inch high. 5) Now compress the remaining 1/8 of an inch with black powder. Now seal the top with wax paper or tape until ready for use. -=-=-=-=- -DIAGRAM- -=-=-=-=- - ++++++ | |@@@@| | |****| | |****| | |####| 1 INCH------< |####| | |####| | |####| | |####| | |----| - |====| +-+-+ +Key+ +-+-+ @ = Black Powder (Ignition Charge) * = Mercury Fulminate or Acetone Peroxide (Primary Charge) # = RDX or PETN (Secondary Charge) - = Two drops of wax on Bottom + = Tape covering top = = The bottom of shell casing | = Sides of .22 Magnum Shell -=-=-=- -USES!- -=-=-=- These little beauties can be used for almost any purpose or a larger version can be used where a hard to detonate substance is used. Their main use is for minature hand grenades and other small explosives. The next issue of "Anarchy Today" will cover various things such as explosive candles, etc... Later... Jack The Ripper 2.33 DELAYS A delay is a device which causes time to pass from when a device is set up to the time that it explodes. A regular fuse is a delay, but it would cost quite a bit to have a 24 hour delay with a fuse. This section deals with the different types of delays that can be employed by a terrorist who wishes to be sure that his bomb will go off, but wants to be out of the country when it does. 2.331 FUSE DELAYS It is extremely simple to delay explosive devices that employ fuses for ignition. Perhaps the simplest way to do so is with a cigarette. An average cigarette burns for about 8 minutes. The higher the "tar" and nicotine rating, the slower the cigarette burns. Low "tar" and nicotine cigarettes burn quicker than the higher "tar" and nicotine cigarettes, but they are also less likely to go out if left unattended, i.e. not smoked. Depending on the wind or draft in a given place, a high "tar" cigarette is better for delaying the ignition of a fuse, but there must be enough wind or draft to give the cigarette enough oxygen to burn. People who use cigarettes for the purpose of delaying fuses will often test the cigarettes that they plan to use in advance to make sure they stay lit and to see how long it will burn. Once a cigarettes burn rate is determined, it is a simple matter of carefully putting a hole all the way through a cigarette with a toothpick at the point desired, and pushing the fuse for a device in the hole formed. |=| |=| ---------- filter |=| | | | | |o| ---------- hole for fuse cigarette ------------ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |_| ---------- light this end A similar type of device can be make from powdered charcoal and a sheet of paper. Simply roll the sheet of paper into a thin tube, and fill it with powdered charcoal. Punch a hole in it at the desired location, and insert a fuse. Both ends must be glued closed, and one end of the delay must be doused with lighter fluid before it is lit. Or, a small charge of gunpowder mixed with powdered charcoal could conceivably used for igniting such a delay. A chain of charcoal briquettes can be used as a delay by merely lining up a few bricks of charcoal so that they touch each other, end on end, and lighting the first brick. Incense, which can be purchased at almost any novelty or party supply store, can also be used as a fairly reliable delay. By wrapping the fuse about the end of an incense stick, delays of up to 1/2 an hour are possible. Finally, it is possible to make a relatively slow-burning fuse in the home. By dissolving about one teaspoon of black powder in about 1/4 a cup of boiling water, and, while it is still hot, soaking in it a long piece of all cotton string, a slow-burning fuse can be made. After the soaked string dries, it must then be tied to the fuse of an explosive device. Sometimes, the end of the slow burning fuse that meets the normal fuse has a charge of black powder or gunpowder at the intersection point to insure ignition, since the slow-burning fuse does not burn at a very high temperature. A similar type of slow fuse can be made by taking the above mixture of boiling water and black powder and pouring it on a long piece of toilet paper. The wet toilet paper is then gently twisted up so that it resembles a firecracker fuse, and is allowed to dry. 2.332 TIMER DELAYS Timer delays, or "time bombs" are usually employed by an individual who wishes to threaten a place with a bomb and demand money to reveal its location and means to disarm it. Such a device could be placed in any populated place if it were concealed properly. There are several ways to build a timer delay. By simply using a screw as one contact at the time that detonation is desired, and using the hour hand of a clock as the other contact, a simple timer can be made. The minute hand of a clock should be removed, unless a delay of less than an hour is desired. The main disadvantage with this type of timer is that it can only be set for a maximum time of 12 hours. If an electronic timer is used, such as that in an electronic clock, then delays of up to 24 hours are possible. By removing the speaker from an electronic clock, and attaching the wires of a squib or igniter to them, a timer with a delay of up to 24 hours can be made. All that one has to do is set the alarm time of the clock to the desired time, connect the leads, and go away. This could also be done with an electronic watch, if a larger battery were used, and the current to the speaker of the watch was stepped up via a transformer. This would be good, since such a timer could be extremely small. The timer in a VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) would be ideal. VCR's can usually be set for times of up to a week. The leads from the timer to the recording equipment would be the ones that an igniter or squib would be connected to. Also, one can buy timers from electronics stores that would be work well. Finally, one could employ a digital watch, and use a relay, or electro-magnetic switch to fire the igniter, and the current of the watch would not have to be stepped up. 2.333 CHEMICAL DELAYS Chemical delays are uncommon, but they can be extremely effective in some cases. If a glass container is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid, and capped with several thicknesses of aluminum foil, or a cap that it will eat through, then it can be used as a delay. Sulfuric acid will react with aluminum foil to produce aluminum sulfate and hydrogen gas, and so the container must be open to the air on one end so that the pressure of the hydrogen gas that is forming does not break the container. _ _ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |_____________| | | | | | | | sulfuric | | | | | | | | acid | | | | | |---------- aluminum foil | |_____________| | (several thicknesses) |_________________| The aluminum foil is placed over the bottom of the container and secured there with tape. When the acid eats through the aluminum foil, it can be used to ignite an explosive device in several ways. 1) Sulfuric acid is a good conductor of electricity. If the acid that eats through the foil is collected in a glass container placed underneath the foil, and two wires are placed in the glass container, a current will be able to flow through the acid when both of the wires are immersed in the acid. 2) Sulfuric acid reacts very violently with potassium chlorate. If the acid drips down into a container containing potassium chlorate, the potassium chlorate will burst into flame. This flame can be used to ignite a fuse, or the potassium chlorate can be the igniter for a thermite bomb, if some potassium chlorate is mixed in a 50/50 ratio with the thermite, and this mixture is used as an igniter for the rest of the thermite. 3) Sulfuric acid reacts with potassium permangenate in a similar way. 2.34 EXPLOSIVE CONTAINERS This section will cover everything from making a simple firecracker to a complicated scheme for detonating an insensitive high explosive, both of which are methods that could be utilized by perpetrators of terror. 2.341 PAPER CONTAINERS Paper was the first container ever used for explosives, since it was first used by the Chinese to make fireworks. Paper containers are usually very simple to make, and are certainly the cheapest. There are many possible uses for paper in containing explosives, and the two most obvious are in firecrackers and rocket engines. Simply by rolling up a long sheet of paper, and gluing it together, one can make a simple rocket engine. Perhaps a more interesting and dangerous use is in the firecracker. The firecracker shown here is one of Mexican design. It is called a "polumna", meaning "dove". The process of their manufacture is not unlike that of making a paper football. If one takes a sheet of paper about 16 inches in length by 1.5 inches wide, and fold one corner so that it looks like this: ________________________________________________ | |\ | | \ | | \ |_____________________________________________|___\ and then fold it again so that it looks like this: ______________________________________________ | /| | / | | / | |________________________________________/___| A pocket is formed. This pocket can be filled with black powder, pyrodex, flash powder, gunpowder,rocket engine powder, or any of the quick-burning fuel- oxodizer mixtures that occur in the form of a fine powder. A fuse is then inserted, and one continues the triangular folds, being careful not to spill out any of the explosive. When the polumna is finished, it should be taped together very tightly, since this will increase the strength of the container, and produce a louder and more powerful explosion when it is lit. The finished polumna should look like a 1/4 inch - 1/3 inch thick triangle, like the one shown below: ^ / \ ----- securely tape all corners / \ / \ / \ / \ / \____________________________ /_____________\__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/ ---------- fuse 3.342 METAL CONTAINERS The classic pipe bomb is the best known example of a metal-contained explosive. Idiot anarchists take white tipped matches and cut off the match heads. They pound one end of a pipe closed with a hammer, pour in the white- tipped matches, and then pound the other end closed. This process often kills the fool, since when he pounds the pipe closed, he could very easily cause enough friction between the match heads to cause them to ignite and explode the unfinished bomb. By using pipe caps, the process is somewhat safer, and the less stupid anarchist would never use white tipped matches in a bomb. He would buy two pipe caps and threaded pipe (fig. 1). First, he would drill a hole in one pipe cap, and put a fuse in it so that it will not come out, and so powder will not escape during handling. The fuse would be at least 3/4 an inch long inside the bomb. He would then screw the cap with the fuse in it on tightly, possibly putting a drop of super glue on it to hold it tight. He would then pour his explosive powder in the bomb. To pack it tightly, he would take a large wad of tissue paper and, after filling the pipe to the very top, pack the powder down, by using the paper as a ramrod tip, and pushing it with a pencil or other wide ended object, until it would not move any further. Finally, he would screw the other pipe cap on, and glue it. The tissue paper would help prevent some of the powder from being caught in the threads of the pipe or pipe cap from being crushed and subject to friction, which might ignite the powder, causing an explosion during manufacture. An assembled bomb is shown in fig. 2. ________ ________ | _____|________________________________|_____ | | |__________________________________________| | | |: : : : |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| | | | tissue | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |_| | | : : : |- - - low order explosive - - ---------------------- | | paper | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |-| fuse | |: : : : |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| | | |________|_________________________________| | | |__________________________________________| | |______| |______| endcap pipe endcap w/ hole fig. 2 Assembled pipe bomb. This is one possible design that a mad bomber would use. If, however, he did not have access to threaded pipe with endcaps, he could always use a piece of copper or aluminum pipe, since it is easily bent into a suitable position. A major problem with copper piping, however, is bending and folding it without tearing it; if too much force is used when folding and bending copper pipe, it will split along the fold. The safest method for making a pipe bomb out of copper or aluminum pipe is similar to the method with pipe and endcaps. First, one flattens one end of a copper or aluminum pipe carefully, making sure not to tear or rip the piping. Then, the flat end of the pipe should be folded over at least once, if this does not rip the pipe. A fuse hole should be drilled in the pipe near the now closed end, and the fuse should be inserted. Next, the bomb- builder would fill the bomb with a low order explosive, and pack it with a large wad of tissue paper. He would then flatten and fold the other end of the pipe with a pair of pliers. If he was not too dumb, he would do this slowly, since the process of folding and bending metal gives off heat, which could set off the explosive. A diagram is presented below: ________ _______________________________________________/| | | | o | | |______________________________________________ | | \_|______| fig. 1 pipe with one end flattened and fuse hole drilled (top view) ______ ____________________________________________/ | | | | | | o | | |___________________________________________ | | \__|__| fig. 2 pipe with one end flattened and folded up (top view) ____________ fuse hole | v _________________________________________________ | \ |____ | | \____| | | ______| | / |_____________________________/__________________ fig. 3 pipe with flattened and folded end (side view) A CO2 cartridge from a B.B gun is another excellent container for a low- order explosive. It has one minor disadvantage: it is time consuming to fill. But this can be rectified by widening the opening of the cartridge with a pointed tool. Then, all that would have to be done is to fill the CO2 cartridge with any low-order explosive, or any of the fast burning fuel-oxodizer mixtures, and insert a fuse. These devices are commonly called "crater makers". Addendum 4/12/91: From personal experience, I have found that a CO2 cartridge is easiest to fill if you take a piece of paper and tape it around the opening to form a sort of funnel: A full \ / Use a punch or sharp philips (+) screwdriver to cartridge \ / enlarge the pin-hole opening on a used cartridge. can also be \ / fun- @ It doesn't seem to be neccessary to seal the hole, / \ but if you must do so, Epoxy and electrical tape toss it into | | work quite well. a lite fire | | and it will (__) CONDENSATION may form inside a recently used explode, and bottle- if you must use one right after emptying the CO2 may it, heat it in a warm oven to dry it out. extinguish the flames. *End Addendum A CO2 cartridge also works well as a container for a thermite incendiary device, but it must be modified. The opening in the end must be widened, so that the ignition mixture, such as powdered magnesium, does not explode. The fuse will ignite the powdered magnesium, which, in turn, would ignite the thermite . The previously mentioned designs for explosive devices are fine for low- order explosives, but are unsuitable for high-order explosives, since the latter requires a shockwave to be detonated. A design employing a smaller low-order explosive device inside a larger device containing a high-order explosive would probably be used. _____________________________________ | _ | | / \ | | High Explosive filler |LO ======= | \_/ | |____________________________________| If the large high explosive container is small, such as a CO2 cartridge, then a segment of a hollow radio antenna can be made into a low-order pipe bomb, which can be fitted with a fuse, and inserted into the CO2 cartridge. 2.343 GLASS CONTAINERS Glass containers can be suitable for low-order explosives, but there are problems with them. First, a glass container can be broken relatively easily compared to metal or plastic containers. Secondly, in the not-too-unlikely event of an "accident", the person making the device would probably be seriously injured, even if the device was small. A bomb made out of a sample perfume bottle-sized container exploded in the hands of one boy, and he still has pieces of glass in his hand. He is also missing the final segment of his ring finger, which was cut off by a sharp piece of flying glass... Nonetheless, glass containers such as perfume bottles can be used by a demented individual, since such a device would not be detected by metal detectors in an airport or other public place. All that need be done is fill the container, and drill a hole in the plastic cap that the fuse fits tightly in, and screw the cap-fuse assembly on. ________________________ fuse | | | _____|_____ | ___|___ | | > | < | drill hole in cap, and insert fuse; | > | < | be sure fuse will not come out of cap | > | > | < | | | | | | | | | | screw cap on bottle | | | | V V _________ < > < > < > / \ / \ / \ | | fill bottle with low-order explosive | | | | | | | | |___________| Large explosive devices made from glass containers are not practicle, since glass is not an exceptionally strong container. Much of the explosive that is used to fill the container is wasted if the container is much larger than a 16 oz. soda bottle. Also, glass containers are usually unsuitable for high explosive devices, since a glass container would probably not withstand the explosion of the initiator; it would shatter before the high explosive was able to detonate. 2.344 PLASTIC CONTAINERS Plastic containers are perhaps the best containers for explosives, since they can be any size or shape, and are not fragile like glass. Plastic piping can be bought at hardware or plumbing stores, and a device much like the ones used for metal containers can be made. The high-order version works well with plastic piping. If the entire device is made out of plastic, it is not detectable by metal detectors. Plastic containers can usually be shaped by heating the container, and bending it at the appropriate place. They can be glued closed with epoxy or other cement for plastics. Epoxy alone can be used as an endcap, if a wad of tissue paper is placed in the piping. Epoxy with a drying agent works best in this type of device. || || || || ||\_____________/|| || || || epoxy || ||_______________|| || tissue || || paper || ||_______________|| ||***************|| ||***************|| ||***************|| ||***************|| ||** explosive **|| ||***************|| ||***********----------------------- fuse ||***************|| ||½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½|| || || || tissue || || paper || ||_______________|| || || || epoxy || || _____________ || ||/ \|| || || || || One end must be made first, and be allowed to dry completely before the device can be filled with powder and fused. Then, with another piece of tissue paper, pack the powder tightly, and cover it with plenty of epoxy. PVC pipe works well for this type of device, but it cannot be used if the pipe had an inside diameter greater than 3/4 of an inch. Other plastic puttys can be used in this type of device, but epoxy with a drying agent works best. Addendum 4/12/91: In my experience, epoxy plugs work well, but epoxy is somewhat expensive. One alternative is auto body filler, a grey paste which, when mixed with hardener, forms into a rock-like mass which is stronger than most epoxy. The only drawback is the body filler generates quite a bit of heat as it hardens, which might be enough to set of a overly sensitive explosive. One benefit of body filler is that it will hold it's shape quite well, and is ideal for forming rocket nozzles and entire bomb casings. *End Addendum 2.35 ADVANCED USES FOR EXPLOSIVES The techniques presented here are those that could be used by a person who had some degree of knowledge of the use of explosives. Some of this information comes from demolitions books, or from military handbooks. Advanced uses for explosives usually involved shaped charges, or utilize a minimum amount of explosive to do a maximum amount of damage. They almost always involve high- order explosives. 2.351 SHAPED CHARGES A shaped charge is an explosive device that, upon detonation, directs the explosive force of detonation at a small target area. This process can be used to breach the strongest armor, since forces of literally millions of pounds of pressure per square inch can be generated. Shaped charges employ high-order explosives, and usually electric ignition systems. KEEP IN MIND THAT ALL EXPLOSIVES ARE DANGEROUS, AND SHOULD NEVER BE MADE OR USED!! An example of a shaped charge is shown below. + wire ________ _______ - wire _ _________|_________|____________ ^ | ________|_________|__________ | | | | | | | | | | | \ igniter / | | | | | \_______/ | | | | | priming charge | | | | | (mercury fulminate) | | | | | ^ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | / \ | | 8 inches high | | / \ | | | | / high \ | | | | | / explosive \ | | | | | / charge \ | | | | | / \ | | | | |/ \| | | | | ^ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | ------- 1/2 inch | | | / \ | | thick steel | | | / \ | | pipe | | | / \ | | | | |/ \| | | hole for | | | | hole for | screw | | | | screw V_______ ___________| | | |___________ ________ |______| |____________| |_____________| |______| |<------- 8 inches -------->| If a device such as this is screwed to a safe, for example, it would direct most of the explosive force at a point about 1 inch away from the opening of the pipe. The basis for shaped charges is a cone-shaped opening in the explosive material. This cone should have an angle of 45 degrees. A device such as this one could also be attached to a metal surface with a powerful electromagnet. 2.352 TUBE EXPLOSIVES A variation on shaped charges, tube explosives can be used in ways that shaped charges cannot. If a piece of 1/2 inch plastic tubing was filled with a sensitive high explosive like R.D.X., and prepared as the plastic explosive container in section 4.44, a different sort of shaped charge could be produced; a charge that directs explosive force in a circular manner. This type of explosive could be wrapped around a column, or a doorknob, or a telephone pole. The explosion would be directed in and out, and most likely destroy whatever it was wrapped around. In an unbent state, a tube explosive would look like this: ||\____/|| || epoxy|| ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½Ä ||------|| ½ RDX ½ another *Addendum ½ ||tissue|| ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½Ä´ || paper|| ½ NO ½ ||______|| ½ 2 ½ ||******|| ½ | ½ ||******|| ½ N ½ ||******|| ½ / \ ½ || RDX || ½ / \ ½ ||*____*|| ½ H C H C ½ ||*| s|*|| ½ / 2 2 ½ ||*| q|*|| ½ / | ½ ||*| u|*|| ½ O N N--NO ½ ||*| i|*|| ½ 2 \ / 2 ½ ||*| b|*|| ½ \ / ½ ||*| b|*|| ½ \ / ½ ||*|__|*|| ½ CH ½ ||__||__|| ½ 2 ½ ||tissue|| ½ ½ || paper|| ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½ ||--||--|| || epoxy|| || || || ||/ || \|| || || || ||_______ + wire ______________ |________ - wire ______________ When an assassin or terrorist wishes to use a tube bomb, he must wrap it around whatever thing he wishes to destroy, and epoxy the ends of the tube bomb together. After it dries, he/she can connect wires to the squib wires, and detonate the bomb, with any method of electric detonation. 2.353 ATOMIZED PARTICLE EXPLOSIONS If a highly flammable substance is atomized, or, divided into very small particles, and large amounts of it is burned in a confined area, an explosion similar to that occurring in the cylinder of an automobile is produced. The tiny droplets of gasoline burn in the air, and the hot gasses expand rapidly, pushing the cylinder up. Similarly, if a gallon of gasoline was atomized and ignited in a building, it is very possible that the expanding gassed would push the walls of the building down. This phenomenon is called an atomized particle explosion. If a person can effectively atomize a large amount of a highly flammable substance and ignite it, he could bring down a large building, bridge, or other structure. Atomizing a large amount of gasoline, for example, can be extremely difficult, unless one has the aid of a high explosive. If a gallon jug of gasoline was placed directly over a high explosive charge, and the charge was detonated, the gasoline would instantly be atomized and ignited. If this occurred in a building, for example, an atomized particle explosion would surely occur. Only a small amount of high explosive would be necessary to accomplish this feat, about 1/2 a pound of T.N.T. or 1/4 a pound of R.D.X. Also, instead of gasoline, powdered aluminum could be used. It is necessary that a high explosive be used to atomize a flammable material, since a low-order explosion does not occur quickly enough to atomize or ignite the flammable material. 2.354 LIGHTBULB BOMBS An automatic reaction to walking into a dark room is to turn on the light. This can be fatal, if a lightbulb bomb has been placed in the overhead light socket. A lightbulb bomb is surprisingly easy to make. It also comes with its own initiator and electric ignition system. On some lightbulbs, the lightbulb glass can be removed from the metal base by heating the base of a lightbulb in a gas flame, such as that of a blowtorch or gas stove. This must be done carefully, since the inside of a lightbulb is a vacuum. When the glue gets hot enough, the glass bulb can be pulled off the metal base. On other bulbs, it is necessary to heat the glass directly with a blowtorch or oxy-acetylene torch. In either case, once the bulb and/or base has cooled down to room temperature or lower, the bulb can be filled with an explosive material, such as black powder. If the glass was removed from the metal base, it must be glued back on to the base with epoxy. If a hole was put in the bulb, a piece of duct tape is sufficient to hold the explosive in the in the bulb. Then, after making sure that the socket has no power by checking with a working lightbulb, all that need be done is to screw the lightbulb bomb into the socket. Such a device has been used by terrorists or assassins with much success, since nobody can search the room for a bomb without first turning on the light. 2.355 BOOK BOMBS Concealing a bomb can be extremely difficult in a day and age where perpetrators of violence run wild. Bags and briefcases are often searched by authorities whenever one enters a place where an individual might intend to set off a bomb. One approach to disguising a bomb is to build what is called a book bomb; an explosive device that is entirely contained inside of a book. Usually, a relatively large book is required, and the book must be of the hardback variety to hide any protrusions of a bomb. Dictionaries, law books, large textbooks, and other such books work well. When an individual makes a bookbomb, he/she must choose a type of book that is appropriate for the place where the book bomb will be placed. The actual construction of a book bomb can be done by anyone who possesses an electric drill and a coping saw. First, all of the pages of the book must be glued together. By pouring an entire container of water-soluble glue into a large bucket, and filling the bucket with boiling water, a glue-water solution can be made that will hold all of the book's pages together tightly. After the glue-water solution has cooled to a bearable temperature, and the solution has been stirred well, the pages of the book must be immersed in the glue-water solution, and each page must be thoroughly soaked. It is extremely important that the covers of the book do not get stuck to the pages of the book while the pages are drying. Suspending the book by both covers and clamping the pages together in a vice works best. When the pages dry, after about three days to a week, a hole must be drilled into the now rigid pages, and they should drill out much like wood. Then, by inserting the coping saw blade through the pages and sawing out a rectangle from the middle of the book, the individual will be left with a shell of the book's pages. The pages, when drilled out, should look like this: ________________________ | ____________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |__________________| | |______________________| (book covers omitted) This rectangle must be securely glued to the back cover of the book. After building his/her bomb, which usually is of the timer or radio controlled variety, the bomber places it inside the book. The bomb itself, and whatever timer or detonator is used, should be packed in foam to prevent it from rolling or shifting about. Finally, after the timer is set, or the radio control has been turned on, the front cover is glued closed, and the bomb is taken to its destination. 2.356 PHONE BOMBS The phone bomb is an explosive device that has been used in the past to kill or injure a specific individual. The basic idea is simple: when the person answers the phone, the bomb explodes. If a small but powerful high explosive device with a squib was placed in the phone receiver, when the current flowed through the receiver, the squib would explode, detonating the high explosive in the person's hand. Nasty. All that has to be done is acquire a squib, and tape the receiver switch down. Unscrew the mouthpiece cover, and remove the speaker, and connect the squib's leads where it was. Place a high explosive putty, such as C-1 (see section 3.31) in the receiver, and screw the cover on, making sure that the squib is surrounded by the C-1. Hang the phone up, and leave the tape in place. When the individual to whom the phone belongs attempts to answer the phone, he will notice the tape, and remove it. This will allow current to flow through the squib. Note that the device will not explode by merely making a phone call; the owner of the phone must lift up the receiver, and remove the tape. It is highly probable that the phone will be by his/her ear when the device explodes... Addendum 4/12/91: The above seems overly complicated to me... it would be better to rig the device as follows: _________ FIRST UNPLUG THE PHONE FROM THE WALL /|-------|\ Wire the detonator IN LINE with the wires going to the earpiece, ~ | | ~ (may need to wire it with a relay so the detonator can receive @@@@@@@@ the full line power, not just to audio power to the earpiece) @@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@ Pack C4 into the phone body (NOT the handset) and plug it back in. When they pick up the phone, power will flow through the circuit to the detonator.... 3 WEAPONS 3.1 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR PROJECTILE WEAPONS Explosive and/or poisoned ammunition is an important part of a social deviant's arsenal. Such ammunition gives the user a distinct advantage over individual who use normal ammunition, since a grazing hit is good enough to kill. Special ammunition can be made for many types of weapons, from crossbows to shotguns. 3.11 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR PRIMITIVE WEAPONS For the purposes of this publication, we will call any weapon primitive that does not employ burning gunpowder to propel a projectile forward. This means blowguns, bows and crossbows, and wristrockets. 3.111 BOW AND CROSSBOW AMMUNITION Bows and crossbows both fire arrows or bolts as ammunition. It is extremely simple to poison an arrow or bolt, but it is a more difficult matter to produce explosive arrows or bolts. If, however, one can acquire aluminum piping that is the same diameter of an arrow or crossbow bolt, the entire segment of piping can be converted into an explosive device that detonates upon impact, or with a fuse. All that need be done is find an aluminum tube of the right length and diameter, and plug the back end with tissue paper and epoxy. Fill the tube with any type of low-order explosive or sensitive high-order explosive up to about 1/2 an inch from the top. Cut a slot in the piece of tubing, and carefully squeeze the top of the tube into a round point, making sure to leave a small hole. Place a no. 11 percussion cap over the hole, and secure it with super glue. Finally, wrap the end of the device with electrical or duct tape, and make fins out of tape. Or, fins can be bought at a sporting goods store, and glued to the shaft. The finished product should look like: ____________ ___|____________\____________________ \ ---. /__ ________________________________---` |____________/ When the arrow or bolt strikes a hard surface, the percussion cap explodes, igniting or detonating the explosive. 3.112 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR BLOWGUNS The blowgun is an interesting weapon which has several advantages. A blowgun can be extremely accurate, concealable, and deliver an explosive or poisoned projectile. The manufacture of an explosive dart or projectile is not difficult. Perhaps the most simple design for such involves the use of a pill capsule, such as the kind that are taken for headaches or allergies. Such a capsule could easily be opened, and the medicine removed. Next, the capsule would be re-filled with an impact-sensitive explosive. An additional high explosive charge could be placed behind the impact-sensitive explosive, if one of the larger capsules were used. Finally, the explosive capsule would be reglued back together, and a tassel or cotton would be glued to the end containing the high explosive, to insure that the impact-detonating explosive struck the target first. Such a device would probably be about 3/4 of an inch long, not including the tassel or cotton, and look something like this: ____________________ /mercury | \----------------------- (fulminate| R.D.X. )---------------------- } tassels \________|___________/----------------------- 3.113 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR WRISTROCKETS AND SLINGSHOTS A modern wristrocket is a formidable weapon. It can throw a shooter marble about 500 ft. with reasonable accuracy. Inside of 200 ft., it could well be lethal to a man or animal, if it struck in a vital area. Because of the relatively large sized projectile that can be used in a wristrocket, the wristrocket can be adapted to throw relatively powerful explosive projectiles. A small segment of aluminum pipe could be made into an impact-detonating device by filling it with an impact-sensitive explosive material. Also, such a pipe could be filled with a low-order explosive, and fitted with a fuse, which would be lit before the device was shot. One would have to make sure that the fuse was of sufficient length to insure that the device did not explode before it reached its intended target. Finally, .22 caliber caps, such as the kind that are used in .22 caliber blank guns, make excellent exploding ammunition for wristrockets, but they must be used at a relatively close range, because of their light weight. 3.114 PORTABLE GRENADE LAUNCHER If you have a bow, this one is for you. Remove the ferrule from an aluminum arrow, and fill the arrow with black powder (I use grade FFFF, it burns easy)and then glue a shotshell primer into the hole left where the ferrule went. Next, glue a BB on the primer, and you are ready to go! Make sure no one is nearby.... Little shreds of aluminim go all over the place!! 3.12 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR FIREARMS When special ammunition is used in combination with the power and rapidity of modern firearms, it becomes very easy to take on a small army with a single weapon. It is possible to buy explosive ammunition, but that can be difficult to do. Such ammunition can also be manufactured in the home. There is, however, a risk involved with modifying any ammunition. If the ammunition is modified incorrectly, in such a way that it makes the bullet even the slightest bit wider, an explosion in the barrel of the weapon will occur. For this reason, NOBODY SHOULD EVER ATTEMPT TO MANUFACTURE SUCH AMMUNITION. 3.121 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR HANDGUNS If an individual wished to produce explosive ammunition for his/her handgun, he/she could do it, provided that the person had an impact-sensitive explosive and a few simple tools. One would first purchase all lead bullets, and then make or acquire an impact-detonating explosive. By drilling a hole in a lead bullet with a drill, a space could be created for the placement of an explosive. After filling the hole with an explosive, it would be sealed in the bullet with a drop of hot wax from a candle. A diagram of a completed exploding bullet is shown below. _o_ ------------ drop of wax /|*|\ | |*|-|----------- impact-sensitive explosive | |_| | |_____| This hollow space design also works for putting poison in bullets. 3.122 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR SHOTGUNS Because of their large bore and high power, it is possible to create some extremely powerful special ammunition for use in shotguns. If a shotgun shell is opened at the top, and the shot removed, the shell can be re-closed. Then, if one can find a very smooth, lightweight wooden dowel that is close to the bore width of the shotgun, a person can make several types of shotgun-launched weapons. Insert the dowel in the barrel of the shotgun with the shell without the shot in the firing chamber. Mark the dowel about six inches away from the end of the barrel, and remove it from the barrel. Next, decide what type of explosive or incendiary device is to be used. This device can be a chemical fire bottle (sect. 3.43), a pipe bomb (sect 4.42), or a thermite bomb (sect 3.41 and 4.42). After the device is made, it must be securely attached to the dowel. When this is done, place the dowel back in the shotgun. The bomb or incendiary device should be on the end of the dowel. Make sure that the device has a long enough fuse, light the fuse, and fire the shotgun. If the projectile is not too heavy, ranges of up to 300 ft are possible. A diagram of a shotgun projectile is shown below: ____ || | || | || | ----- bomb, securely taped to dowel || | ||__| || | || | ------- fuse || | || || || || --------- dowel || || || || --------- insert this end into shotgun || || 3.13 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR COMPRESSED AIR/GAS WEAPONS This section deals with the manufacture of special ammunition for compressed air or compressed gas weapons, such as pump B.B guns, CO2 B.B guns, and .22 cal pellet guns. These weapons, although usually thought of as kids toys, can be made into rather dangerous weapons. 3.131 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR B.B GUNS A B.B gun, for this manuscript, will be considered any type of rifle or pistol that uses compressed air or CO2 gas to fire a projectile with a caliber of .177, either B.B, or lead pellet. Such guns can have almost as high a muzzle velocity as a bullet-firing rifle. Because of the speed at which a .177 caliber projectile flies, an impact detonating projectile can easily be made that has a caliber of .177. Most ammunition for guns of greater than .22 caliber use primers to ignite the powder in the bullet. These primers can be bought at gun stores, since many people like to reload their own bullets. Such primers detonate when struck by the firing pin of a gun. They will also detonate if they are thrown at a hard surface at a great speed. Usually, they will also fit in the barrel of a .177 caliber gun. If they are inserted flat end first, they will detonate when the gun is fired at a hard surface. If such a primer is attached to a piece of thin metal tubing, such as that used in an antenna, the tube can be filled with an explosive, be sealed, and fired from a B.B gun. A diagram of such a projectile appears below: _____ primers _______ | | | | | | V V ______ ______ | ________________________ |------------------- | ****** explosive ******* |------------------- } tassel or | ________________________ |------------------- cotton |_____ _____|------------------- ^ | | |_______ antenna tubing The front primer is attached to the tubing with a drop of super glue. The tubing is then filled with an explosive, and the rear primer is glued on. Finally, a tassel, or a small piece of cotton is glued to the rear primer, to insure that the projectile strikes on the front primer. The entire projectile should be about 3/4 of an inch long. 3.132 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR .22 CALIBER PELLET GUNS A .22 caliber pellet gun usually is equivalent to a .22 cal rifle, at close ranges. Because of this, relatively large explosive projectiles can be adapted for use with .22 caliber air rifles. A design similar to that used in section 5.12 is suitable, since some capsules are about .22 caliber or smaller. Or, a design similar to that in section 5.31 could be used, only one would have to purchase black powder percussion caps, instead of ammunition primers, since there are percussion caps that are about .22 caliber. A #11 cap is too small, but anything larger will do nicely. 3.2 IMPROVISED WEAPONS 3.21 BOMBS 3.211 EXPEDIENT GRENADES The Cheshire Cat There are many possibilities in the field of grenade manufacture, but for the most part, when you're dealing with grenades that must be constructed of easily available materials, the quality and the safety of the grenade is reduced dramatically. Here I will deal with this problem, trying to produce a reasonable type of grenade that is relatively safe, can be stored and transported easily, but produces dramatic effects. I strongly suggest that if you find it possible, you are far better off getting a REAL grenade than trying to produce one yourself, but you can be the judge. As always, I want to note that this is all for educational purposes only, and I do not recommend anyone trying any of the following for real. The first thing you need is explosives. If you can't get black powder, or gun powder, or make your own plastic explosives (we know there sure are enough text files floating around to explain how to make all of the above!) than you're really in a for making a grenade of this type. You'll also need a coffee can, a smaller sized can (probably like an orange juice can, or V8), a coat hanger, and a fuse. As for explosives, mercury fulminate is extremely good for this sort of thing. You could probably get together a ton of firecrackers and take out the black powder (if you're desperate) or get a couple quarter sticks from someone. The explosive goes in the juice can. Don't pack it together too tight. Loose black powder is better than compressed. This is the main explosive. Cut up the coat hanger into little pieces approximately 1/2" long and fill up the coffee can until you can put the juice can in and the top of the juice can is level with the top of the coffee can. If you don't have the time, and need to fill up the space faster, chuck in a couple small rocks or pieces of glass, and stuff like that until you have the bottom of the can filled. Now place the juice can in the coffee can, and center it. Then fill the space around the coffee can with coat hanger stuff until the juice can is relatively stable. Put a model rocket fuse in the explosive in the juice can. Leave (at least) 3 1/2" to light from. If necessary, secure the juice can or the explosive with some masking tape, ect... as long as it doesn't interfere with the action of the grenade. Take the lid of the coffee can and cut a hole so that the fuse is exposed. You now have a fragmentation grenade. It might be a good idea to practice with a football for a while before trying to destroy the neighbor's garage with it. try OSB systems (215)-395-1291 an awesome AE/BBS. Later, The Cheshire Cat 3.212 MILK CARTON BOMB A milk carton bomb is relitively simple and safe. It's only purpose it to create a loud noise. The ingredients needed to make this are few and easy to aquire. You will need a plastic milk carton, lighter fluid(type used in cigarette lighters), a piece of paper, and a pair of chopsticks. If you can not obtain chop sticks, it's okay to substitute them with something that can hold the paper and is long enough so that you won't be harmed by the flames. After acquiring all of the ingredients, you can now start to make the bomb. The procedure is easy. First, puncture a hole at the bottom of the milk carton with a screw driver or equivalent. Next fill one-fourth of the milk carton with lighter fluid. Place the milk carton in a fairly large area outisde. Hold a piece of paper between the chopsticks and light the paper with a match. Cautiously place the lighted paper under the hole of the carton and BOOM! You have your loud explosion with little damage to the surrounding area. It would be a good idea to have some water handy to extinguish any flames. Be careful when doing this and have fun. 3.213 CARBIDE BOMB This is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. Exercise extreme caution.... Obtain some calcium carbide. This is the stuff that is used in carbide lamps and can be found at nearly any hardware store. Take a few pieces of this stuff (it looks like gravel) and put it in a glass jar with some water. Put a lid on tightly. The carbide will react with the water to produce acetylene carbonate which is similar to the gas used in cutting torches. Eventually the glass with explode from internal pressure. If you leave a burning rag nearby, you will get a nice fireball! 3.214 SOFT DRINK CAN BOMB This is an anti-personnel bomb meant for milling crowds. the bottom of a soft drink can is half cut out and bent back. a giant firecracker or other explosive is put in and surrounded with nuts and bolts or rocks. the fuse is then armed with a chemical delay in a plastic drinking straw. ! ! After first making sure there are no ! ! children nearby, the acid or glycerine ! ! <-CHEMICAL INGITER is put into the straw and the can is set ---- ---- down by a tree or wall where it will not ! !1! ! be knocked over. the delay should give ! ===== ! you three to five minutes. it will then !* ! ! "! have a shattering effect on passersby. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !<- BIG FIRECRACKER ! ! !% ! ! ==== ! ! ! ! # ! It is hardly likely that anyone would ! --- ! pick up and drink from someone else's ! ! ! <- NUTS & BOLTS soft drink can. but if such a crude ! / ! person should try to drink from your ! ! bomb he would break a nasty habit --------- fast! 3.215 HOW TO MAKE A PIPE BOMB Buy a section of metal water pipe 1/2 by 6 inches long, threaded on both ends. Buy two metal caps to fit. These are standard items in hardware stores. Drill a 1/16th hole in the center of the pipe. This is easy with a good drill bit. Hanson is a good brand to use. Screw a metal cap tightly on one end. Fill the pipe to within 1/2 inch of the top with black powder. Do not pack the powder. Don't even tap the bottom of the pipe to make it settle. You want the powder loose. For maximum explosive effect, you need dry, fine powder sitting loose in a very rigid container. Wipe off any powder that has gotten onto the top or threads of the pipe. Gently screw on the second cap. Hand tighten only. Place a small piece of tape over the hole and go to your test site. Remove the tape and insert a two inch piece of black match fuse or a firecracker fuse into the hole. Place the bomb behind a large rock or tree. Using thread or string, lightly tie a 2 inch piece of sulfured wick to the end of the fuse. Avoid letting the wick touch any objects. This might cause it to go out. Light the wick and head for cover in a direction that keeps the rock or tree between you and the bomb at all times. Get behind cover at least 50 yards away. You may not expect such a large explosion from such a small object. Be extra cautious until You have done this a time or two and it gets real what you are dealing with. The pipe will be blown to pieces which will fly through the air like bullets. An accident could seriously wound or kill you. This is not a big firecracker. It is more like a hand grenade. The size of the bomb can be increased by using a larger pipe and caps. To make a big noise without blowing up your pipe, cap one end only. Drill a 1/16 hole at the top of the threads at the capped end. Put in about 3 to 4 rounded teaspoonsful of powder. Pack about 2 inches of wadding on top of the powder. Toilet paper or kleenex is good for this. Pack it tight. Open up a safety pin and stick it into the hole. Work it around to loosen up the powder so a fuse can be inserted. When this goes off, the recoil will be tremendous. You will loose your pipe unless you brace it securely against something. The pipe can be reloaded and used again. A fun trick is to mount the pipe pointing upward. Drop a tin can over the open end and light the fuse. The can will be blown high into the air. Campbell's soup cans are great for this. 3.216 MINITURE CLAYMORE MINE _______________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Miniature Claymore Mine | | | | Brought To You By | | | | Jack The Ripper | | | |_____________________________________________________________________________| This is devasting and should be used in malls or other heavily trafficked areas. It has a kill range of 50 yards (half a football feild), and is one of the best I have seen, and it's fun to watch too! -=-=-=-=-=- -MATERIALS- -=-=-=-=-=- Name Source ---- ------ Potassium Chlorate Drug Stores and Chemical Supply Houses Nitrobenzene Drug Stores (Oil of Mirbane) and Chemical Supply Houses Measuring Container (Cup, Tablespoon, etc...) Double-Sided Adhesive Tape Small Alnico 5 Horseshoe Magnets Epoxy Resin A Lot of 1/4 Inch Ball Bearings Soap dishes consisting of two separate halves That fit together with the bottom half and the top half bevelled Flat board 36x36 and another flat board or Rolling Pin -=-=-=-=-=- -PROCEDURE- -=-=-=-=-=- 1) First off crush the Potassium Chlorate between the two boards or with the rolling pin until it is a very very very fine powder. 2) Fill the top half of the soap dish to a depth of 3/4 inch with 1/4 inch diameter ball bearings held together with a light coating of epoxy resin. 3) Now cut a hole in the bottom half and cover it with tape. The hole should be big enough for you to pour the nitrobenzene into later and big enough to fit a detonater into. 4) Now pack the bottom half tightly with Potassium Chlorate, very tightly leaving no extra room. 5) Now tape the two halves together tightly, and your pretty much done. -=-=-=- -USES!- -=-=-=- 1) When your ready to use your charge simply pour in the nitrobenzene. The correct ratio is 1 part by volume of nitrobenzene to 4 parts by volume of potassium chlorate. Now if you didn't read this through and keep track of the amount of potassium chlorate you used, then you fucked up and won't get optimum results. 2) Now allow the nitrobenzene to soak in for 4-6 minutes, and then insert your electronically initiated or time fused detonater into the hole. Now seal around the hole with epoxy resin 3) Now use the magnets and the tape to attach the charge 3 feet above the ground with the ball bearing side facing outward. 4) Now you can either use an egg timer or a stepswitch (Underground detonater activated by weight) or you can use the good old time fuse running into a mini-compound detonater. Later... Jack The Ripper 3.22 GUNS! 3.221 HOW TO MAKE A ICE GUN [][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][] [][][] [][][] [][][] A Step by Step Guide to Making a Dry Ice Gun [][][] [][][] [][][] [][][] By: The Voice Over [][][] [][][] [][][] [][][] A Metal Communications Presentation [][][] [][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][] Introduction: ------------ In the past, many people have experimented with the power generated by the conversion of dry ice into gaseous carbon dioxide. The most common use that I have seen is the dry ice bomb. The dry ice bomb is easily made by using a two liter plastic bottle, some hot water and some crushed dry ice. To make one, one simply puts about a cup and a half of crushed dry ice into the bottle, adds hot water, caps the bottle and throws it. These bombs are not a joke, and have been known to blow a metal trash can fifteen feet into the air, as well as bursting the bottom of the can. If you make a dry ice bomb, you had best throw it before it explodes due to the enormous force generated by the explosion of the bottle. A friend of mine waited a bit too long on throwing one, and he jammed three of his fingers badly, got a huge bruise on his left leg, and one of the plasic fragments was propelled with enough force to puncture his tennis shoes and cut his foot all to hell. In short, be careful with these things. One day in May of 1985, an idea was introduced to me by a friend. His plan was to control the force of the expanding dry ice and harness it to a useful end. The result was the dry ice gun. In following these plans, please keep in mind that when dry ice is finished expanding, it can generate pressures of up to 2400 PSI...for this reason, I recommend that when arming the gun and when disarming it, you hold all valves OPEN, and that you wear a pair of protective goggles at all times. I will take no responsibility for injury that occurs because of the content of this file, or through the use of this information. This information is intended for educational purposes ONLY. Materials needed: ---------------- The materials required will vary for each gun produced because of the nature of the construction itself and the effect produced by using different parts. The following parts, however, are necessary for a gun with moderate power and range: 1- Standard valve. I recommend the kind that is just a lever and turns 1/4 turn to open or close and has 3/4" connectors. 1- Blow gun (These can be found at auto parts stores... shop around a little and get one with the highest pressure rating you can find (probably 150 PSI)). This will be sometimes referred to as a valve also. 1- Length of hot water PVC piping...this will be used for the barrel. I recommend that you use 3/4" piping, because that is the kind that fits paint pellets of the type used in KILLER best. Note, however, that it is possible to launch anything up to the size of an egg with pleasing results, provided that the barrel is large enough in diameter. You will also 3ed various lengths of regular lead or steel piping (to construct the actual gun), and adapters to get the blow gun to fit the rest of the gun (blow guns usually have connectors that are 1/4" in diameter, while the rest of the gun (except the dry ice container) should be constructed with 3/4" fittings). You will also need an end cap to go on the end of your dry ice container and probably an elbow joint. Optional parts: -------------- 1- Standard valve (same kind as above, but with a shorter lever). 1- "T" joint with 3/4" connectors all around. 1- 6 or 7 inch length of 3/4" diameter pipe. 1- 3/4" end cap. Form-a-gasket and pipe dope Construction: ------------ Because of the nature of the gun, step-by-step plans are not possible. However, a diagram of the gun will give you an idea of what has to be done, and construction tips should prove enough to allow successful completion of the project. Diagram: ------- trigger (part of the blow gun) standard adaptor______________ : valve \ : : : : ______________________ : _ ; _____:______ ! !\__ __!___/! ! \ ! barrel ! __!__!__! ! O ! \ !______________________!/ / : : \!___I__!__ \ joint B____________/ : : : I \ \ blow gun_____________/ : : I / \ \ pressure chamber________/ : I / !_____!<-joint A adaptor____________________/ / ! ! elbow joint________________________/ /! ! dry ice container_____________________/ ! @ ! end cap_______________________________ _!_____!_ \!! !! +-------+ NOTES: 1- The dry ice container can be any size...the one I use is about 6 inches long by 2 inches in diameter. The larger the chamber is, the more shots the gun will fire before reloading is necessary. 2- The elbow joint can be left out...it will only make the gun in the shape of a straight rod rather than a "traditional" gun shape. 3- The barrel length can be any length you like, but very long ones are cumbersome and very short ones don't allow much accuracy. I recommend a length of about 2 1/2 to 3 feet. 4- all joints except the two marked 'A' and 'B' should be tightened as much as possible and sealed by coating the threads with the form-a-gasket and then putting the two pieces together and tightening them as much as possible. If you like, you can also caulk around the finished and tightened joint. 5- The joint marked 'B' should be tight, but DO NOT SEAL IT unless you do not intend to ever use more than one kind of barrel. 6- The joint marked 'A' should not be sealed with form-a- gasket like the others because it is the one that you will be filling the dry ice into the gun through. To fill the gun with dry ice, detach the dry ice chamber pipe from the elbow joint. Load the container with as much crushed dry ice as it will hold. Then, coat the threads of one of the pieces of the joint with pipe dope. This will prevent leakage of the carbon dioxide after it has changed into gaseous form. 7- The pressure chamber should be about 1 1/2 inches in length for a fairly powerful gun. The longer the pressure chamber is, the more powerful the gun. On a gun with a three inch pressure chamber, we shot a AA battery 500 (yes, hundred) feet across a parking lot. Such high power, however, is dangerous, and is not recommended for use in games such as Killer, but rather for target practice (on INANIMATE objects). How to operate the dry ice gun: ------------------------------ Once you have the dry ice gun built and loaded, the first thing you must do is to open the standard valve and immerse the gun in water. This is to check for leaks. If any leaks are present, they will show up as streams of bubbles rising from the gun. If any are found, tighten the offending joint and put the gun back in the water. When all leaks are gone (if necessary, take the whole thing apart and rebuild it from scratch to eliminate leaks, especially on either end of the pressure chamber), release the pressure built up so far by closing the standard valve and then operating the trigger. You should hear a 'woosh' sound, and tie gun should kick slightly. This indicates that all is working properly. When loading the dry ice gun, it is important to keep both valves OPEN until the dry ice container is secure, and then close both valves. Even after you are sure that the gun has no leaks anywhere, it is good to immerse the dry ice container (while it is attached to the gun) in water. This warms the dry ice and causes it to change into gaseous carbon dioxide. After the dry ice container has been immersed for 5 minutes or so, remove the gun from the water and dry it off. The gun is now ready to be fired. Firing the dry ice gun: ---------------------- This is the simplest step of all. To fire the gun simply place the projectile (I recommend paint pellets) in the barrel of the gun, open the standard valve for about a second and then close it. You should hear a muffled rush of air as some of the gaseous CO2 is bled into the pressure chamber. Aim the gun at who/whatever you wish to hit, and squeeze the trigger. For more power, you can leave the standard valve open and squeeze the trigger. Disarming the dry ice gun: ------------------------- To disarm the gun, open both valves until you can no longer hear the pressure escaping through the barrel of the gun. Then, unscrew the dry ice container and place it in cold water for about 3 to 4 minutes, or until all of the remaining dry ice has evaporated. When all of the dry ice is gone, clean the threads on the dry ice container and elbow joint, and store the gun in a clean, dry area. Suggested modifications: ----------------------- The only really nice modification that I've discovered is to replace the pressure chamber pipe with a "T" joint and valve so as to make a gun with long, medium, and short range capability. To do this, construct the pressure chamber section of the gun like this: ___adaptor I : ______________________________________ ________I___ _____ _ :/! ! I ___#__!o!/ ! ! I ! ! ! I ! ! "T" joint ! O ________! ! ! : \ ! ! : \!____________ _____________!____________ : ! ! ^ : !_____________! ! :__blow gun !______O______!<-standard standard ! I ! valve #2 valve #1 ! I ! ! I !<-short length _!______I______!_ of piping !! !! +---------------+ end cap_______/ What this does is make a pressure chamber with a variable length. The following chart shows the combinations in which the valves may be used to create different ranges. RANGE ! INSTRUCTIONS --------+-------------------------------------------------------- short ! Open valve number 1, hold it open for about a second, ! close it, and then open valve #2. --------+-------------------------------------------------------- medium ! Open valve number 1 for about a second and close it. ! Leave valve #2 closed. --------+-------------------------------------------------------- long ! Open valve #2 before opening valve #1. Open valve #1 ! for about a second, then close it. --------+-------------------------------------------------------- Have fun, Y'all!!! From Lunatic Labs UnLtd. 415-278-7421 4 ROCKETS AND CANNONS Rockets and cannon are generally thought of as heavy artillery. Perpetrators of violence do not usually employ such devices, because they are difficult or impossible to acquire. They are not, however, impossible to make. Any individual who can make or buy black powder or pyrodex can make such things. A terrorist with a cannon or large rocket is, indeed, something to fear. 4.1 ROCKETS Rockets were first developed by the Chinese several hundred years before the myth of christ began. They were used for entertainment, in the form of fireworks. They were not usually used for military purposes because they were inaccurate, expensive, and unpredictable. In modern times, however, rockets are used constantly by the military, since they are cheap, reliable, and have no recoil. Perpetrators of violence, fortunately, cannot obtain military rockets, but they can make or buy rocket engines. Model rocketry is a popular hobby of the space age, and to launch a rocket, an engine is required. Estes, a subsidiary of Damon, is the leading manufacturer of model rockets and rocket engines. Their most powerful engine, the "D" engine, can develop almost 12 lbs. of thrust; enough to send a relatively large explosive charge a significant distance. Other companies, such as Centuri, produce even larger rocket engines, which develop up to 30 lbs. of thrust. These model rocket engines are quite reliable, and are designed to be fired electrically. Most model rocket engines have three basic sections. The diagram below will help explain them. _________________________________________________________ |_________________________________________________________| -- cardboard \ clay | - - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . .|c| casing \_______| - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . |l| _______ - - - thrust - - - | smoke | eject |a| / clay | - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . .|y| /________|_____________________|_______|________|_|_______ |_________________________________________________________| -- cardboard casing The clay nozzle is where the igniter is inserted. When the area labeled "thrust" is ignited, the "thrust" material, usually a large single grain of a propellant such as black powder or pyrodex, burns, forcing large volumes of hot, rapidly expanding gasses out the narrow nozzle, pushing the rocket forward. After the material has been consumed, the smoke section of the engine is ignited. It is usually a slow-burning material, similar to black powder that has had various compounds added to it to produce visible smoke, usually black, white, or yellow in color. This section exists so that the rocket will be seen when it reaches its maximum altitude, or apogee. When it is burned up, it ignites the ejection charge, labeled "eject". The ejection charge is finely powdered black powder. It burns very rapidly, exploding, in effect. The explosion of the ejection charge pushes out the parachute of the model rocket. It could also be used to ignite the fuse of a bomb... Rocket engines have their own peculiar labeling system. Typical engine labels are: 1/4A-2T, 1/2A-3T, A8-3, B6-4, C6-7, and D12-5. The letter is an indicator of the power of an engine. "B" engines are twice as powerful as "A" engines, and "C" engines are twice as powerful as "B" engines, and so on. The number following the letter is the approximate thrust of the engine, in pounds. the final number and letter is the time delay, from the time that the thrust period of engine burn ends until the ejection charge fires; "3T" indicates a 3 second delay. NOTE: an extremely effective rocket propellant can be made by mixing aluminum dust with ammonium perchlorate and a very small amount of iron oxide. The mixture is bound together by an epoxy. 4.11 BASIC ROCKET BOMB A rocket bomb is simply what the name implies: a bomb that is delivered to its target by means of a rocket. Most people who would make such a device would use a model rocket engine to power the device. By cutting fins from balsa wood and gluing them to a large rocket engine, such as the Estes "C" engine, a basic rocket could be constructed. Then, by attaching a "crater maker", or CO2 cartridge bomb to the rocket, a bomb would be added. To insure that the fuse of the "crater maker" (see sect. 4.42) ignited, the clay over the ejection charge of the engine should be scraped off with a plastic tool. The fuse of the bomb should be touching the ejection charge, as shown below. ____________ rocket engine | _________ crater maker | | | | V | _______________________________V_ |_______________________________| ______________________ \ | - - - - - -|***|::::| /# # # # # # # # # # # \ \__| - - - - - -|***|::::| ___/ # # # # # # # # # # # \ __ - - - - - -|***|::::|---fuse--- # # explosive # # ) / | - - - - - -|***|::::| ___ # # # # # # # # # # # / /___|____________|___|____|____ \_______________________/ |_______________________________| thrust> - - - - - - smoke> *** ejection charge> :::: Duct tape is the best way to attach the crater maker to the rocket engine. Note in the diagram the absence of the clay over the ejection charge Many different types of explosive payloads can be attached to the rocket, such as a high explosive, an incendiary device, or a chemical fire bottle. Either four or three fins must be glued to the rocket engine to insure that the rocket flies straight. The fins should look like the following diagram: |\ | \ | \ | \ <--------- glue this to rocket engine | \ | \ | \ | | | | | | leading edge | -------> | | | | | trailing edge | | <-------- | | | | | | | | \_____/ The leading edge and trailing edge should be sanded with sandpaper so that they are rounded. This will help make the rocket fly straight. A two inch long section of a plastic straw can be attached to the rocket to launch it from. A clothes hanger can be cut and made into a launch rod. The segment of a plastic straw should be glued to the rocket engine adjacent to one of the fins of the rocket. A front view of a completed rocket bomb is shown below. | fin | <------ fin | | | | | | | __|__ | V / \ V ---------------| |--------------- \_____/ |o <----------- segment of plastic straw | | | <------ fin | | By cutting a coat hanger at the indicated arrows, and bending it, a launch rod can be made. After a fuse is inserted in the engine, the rocket is simply slid down the launch rod, which is put through the segment of plastic straw. The rocket should slide easily along a coathanger, such as the one illustated on the following page: ____ / \ | | cut here _____ | | | | | | / \ V / \ _________________/ \________________ / \ / \ /____________________________________________\ ^ | | and here ______| Bend wire to this shape: _______ insert into straw | | | V ____________________________________________ \ \ \ \ \ <--------- bend here to adjust flight angle | | | | | | <---------- put this end in ground | 4.12 LONG RANGE ROCKET BOMB Long range rockets can be made by using multi-stage rockets. Model rocket engines with an "0" for a time delay are designed for use in multi-stage rockets. An engine such as the D12-0 is an excellent example of such an engine. Immediately after the thrust period is over, the ejection charge explodes. If another engine is placed directly against the back of an "0" engine, the explosion of the ejection charge will send hot gasses and burning particles into the nozzle of the engine above it, and ignite the thrust section. This will push the used "0" engine off of the rocket, causing an overall loss of weight. The main advantage of a multi-stage rocket is that it loses weight as travels, and it gains velocity. A multi-stage rocket must be designed somewhat differently than a single stage rocket, since, in order for a rocket to fly straight, its center of gravity must be ahead of its center of drag. This is accomplished by adding weight to the front of the rocket, or by moving the center of drag back by putting fins on the rocket that are well behind the rocket. A diagram of a multi-stage rocket appears on the following page: ___ / \ | | | C | | M | ------ CM: Crater Maker | | | | |___| | | | | | | | C | ------ C6-5 rocket engine /| 6 |\ / | | | \ / | 5 | \ / |___| \ ---- fin / /| |\ \ / / | | \ \ / / | | \ \ / / | C | \ \ | / | 6 | \ | | / | | | \ | | / | 0 | \ | |/ |___| \| | / \ | \______/ ^ \______/ ------- fin | | | | C6-0 rocket engine The fuse is put in the bottom engine. Two, three, or even four stages can be added to a rocket bomb to give it a longer range. It is important, however, that for each additional stage, the fin area gets larger. 4.13 MULTIPLE WARHEAD ROCKET BOMBS "M.R.V." is an acronym for Multiple Reentry Vehicle. The concept is simple: put more than one explosive warhead on a single missile. This can be done without too much difficulty by anyone who knows how to make crater-makers and can buy rocket engines. By attaching crater makers with long fuses to a rocket, it is possible that a single rocket could deliver several explosive devices to a target. Such a rocket might look like the diagram on the following page: ___ / \ The crater makers are attached to | | the tube of rolled paper with tape. the | C | paper tube is made by rolling and gluing | M | a 4 inch by 8 inch piece of paper. The |___| tube is glued to the engine, and is ___| |___ filled with gunpowder or black powder. | | | | Small holes are punched in it, and the | | T | | fuses of the crater makers are inserted / \ | U | / \ in these holes. A crater maker is glued / \| B |/ \ to the open end of the tube, so that its | || E || | fuse is inside the tube. A fuse is | C || || C | inserted in the engine, or in the bottom | M || || M | engine if the rocket bomb is multi | ||___|| | stage, and the rocket is launched from \___/| E |\___/ the coathanger launcher, if a segment of | N | a plastic straw has been attached to it. /| G |\ / | I | \ / | N | \ / | E | \ / |___| \ / fin/ | \ fin\ | / | \ | \__/ | \__/ ^ |____ fin 4.2 CANNON The cannon is a piece of artillery that has been in use since the 11th century. It is not unlike a musket, in that it is filled with powder, loaded, and fired. Cannons of this sort must also be cleaned after each shot, otherwise, the projectile may jam in the barrel when it is fired, causing the barrel to explode. A sociopath could build a cannon without too much trouble, if he/she had a little bit of money, and some patience. 4.21 BASIC PIPE CANNON A simple cannon can be made from a thick pipe by almost anyone. The only difficult part is finding a pipe that is extremely smooth on its interior. This is absolutely necessary; otherwise, the projectile may jam. Copper or aluminum piping is usually smooth enough, but it must also be extremely thick to withstand the pressure developed by the expanding hot gasses in a cannon. If one uses a projectile such as a CO2 cartridge, since such a projectile can be made to explode, a pipe that is about 1.5 - 2 feet long is ideal. Such a pipe MUST have walls that are at least 1/3 to 1/2 an inch thick, and be very smooth on the interior. If possible, screw an endplug into the pipe. Otherwise, the pipe must be crimped and folded closed, without cracking or tearing the pipe. A small hole is drilled in the back of the pipe near the crimp or endplug. Then, all that need be done is fill the pipe with about two teaspoons of grade blackpowder or pyrodex, insert a fuse, pack it lightly by ramming a wad of tissue paper down the barrel, and drop in a CO2 cartridge. Brace the cannon securely against a strong structure, light the fuse, and run. If the person is lucky, he will not have overcharged the cannon, and he will not be hit by pieces of exploding barrel. Such a cannon would look like this: __________________ fuse hole | | V ________________________________________________________________ |_______________________________________________________________| |endplug|powder|t.p.| CO2 cartridge | ______|______|____|____________________________________________ |_|______________________________________________________________| An exploding projectile can be made for this type of cannon with a CO2 cartridge. It is relatively simple to do. Just make a crater maker, and construct it such that the fuse projects about an inch from the end of the cartridge. Then, wrap the fuse with duct tape, covering it entirely, except for a small amount at the end. Put this in the pipe cannon without using a tissue paper packing wad. ___ When the cannon is fired, it ( ) will ignite the end of the |C | fuse, and shoot the CO2 | M| cartridge. The | | explosive-filled cartridge | | will explode in about three \ / seconds, if all goes well. [] <--- taped fuse Such a projectile would look [] like this: [] ! <--- Bare fuse (add matchheads) 4.22 ROCKET FIRING CANNON ___ A rocket firing cannon can be made exactly like a / \ normal cannon; the only difference is the ammunition. A | | rocket fired from a cannon will fly further than a rocket | C | alone, since the action of shooting it overcomes the | M | initial inertia. A rocket that is launched when it is | | moving will go further than one that is launched when it | | is stationary. Such a rocket would resemble a normal |___| rocket bomb, except it would have no fins. It would look | E | like the image to the left. | N | | G | the fuse on such a device would, obviously, be short, | I | but it would not be ignited until the rocket's ejection | N | charge exploded. Thus, the delay before the ejection | E | charge, in effect, becomes the delay before the bomb |___| explodes. Note that no fuse need be put in the rocket; the burning powder in the cannon will ignite it, and simultaneously push the rocket out of the cannon at a high velocity. 4.23 TENNIS BALL CANNONS At this time (twelve years ago) most soft drink cans were rolled tin rather than the molded aluminum. We would cut the tops and bottoms off of a bunch of them and tape them together with duct tape, forming a tube of two feet or more. At the end we would tape a can with the bottom intact, more holes punched (with a can opener) around the top, and a small hole in the side at the base. We then fastened this contraption to a tripod so we could aim it reliably. Any object that came somewhat close to filling the tube was then placed therein. In the shop, we used the clock as a target and an empty plastic solder spool as ammunition, with tape over the ends of the center hole and sometimes filled with washers for weight. When taken to parties or picnics, we would use whatever was handy. Hot dog rolls or napkins filled with potato chips provided spectacular entertainment. Once loaded, a small amount of lighter fluid was poured into the hole in the side of the end can and allowed to vaporize for a few moments. The "fire control technician" would announce "Fire in the Hole" and ignite it. BOOM! Whoosh! The clock never worked after that! ---------- Our version of the potatoe chip cannon, was built similarly. Ours used coke cans, six with the top and bottom removed, and the seventh had church key holes all around one end. This was spiral wrapped with at least two rolls of duct tape. A wooden shoulder rest and forward hand grip was taped to the tube. For ignition we used lantern batteries to a model-t coil, actuated by a push button on the hand grip. A fresh wilson tennis ball was stuffed all the way back to the grid, and a drop or two of lighter fluid was dropped in one of two holes in the end. The ignition wire was poked through the other hole. We would then lie in ambush, waiting for somthing to move. When fired with the proper air/fuel mixture, a satisfying thoomp! At maximum range the ball would travel about 100 yards with a 45 degree launch angle. Closer up the ball would leave a welt on an warring opponent. When launched at a moving car the thud as it hit the door would generally rattle anyone inside. Luckily we never completed the one that shot golf balls. 5 PYROTECHNICA ERRATA There are many other types of pyrotechnics that a perpetrator of violence might employ. Smoke bombs can be purchased in magic stores, and large military smoke bombs can be bought through ads in gun and military magazines. Also, fireworks can also be used as weapons of terror. A large aerial display rocket would cause many injuries if it were to be fired so that it landed on the ground near a crowd of people. Even the "harmless" pull-string fireworks, which consists of a sort of firecracker that explodes when the strings running through it are pulled, could be placed inside a large charge of a sensitive high explosive. Tear gas is another material that might well be useful to the sociopath, and such a material could be instantly disseminated over a large crowd by means of a rocket-bomb, with nasty effects. 5.1 SMOKE BOMBS One type of pyrotechnic device that might be employed by a terrorist in many way would be a smoke bomb. Such a device could conceal the getaway route, or cause a diversion, or simply provide cover. Such a device, were it to produce enough smoke that smelled bad enough, could force the evacuation of a building, for example. Smoke bombs are not difficult to make. Although the military smoke bombs employ powdered white phosphorus or titanium compounds, such materials are usually unavailable to even the most well-equipped terrorist. Instead, he/she would have to make the smoke bomb for themselves. Most homemade smoke bombs usually employ some type of base powder, such as black powder or pyrodex, to support combustion. The base material will burn well, and provide heat to cause the other materials in the device to burn, but not completely or cleanly. Table sugar, mixed with sulfur and a base material, produces large amounts of smoke. Sawdust, especially if it has a small amount of oil in it, and a base powder works well also. Other excellent smoke ingredients are small pieces of rubber, finely ground plastics, and many chemical mixtures. The material in road flares can be mixed with sugar and sulfur and a base powder produces much smoke. Most of the fuel-oxodizer mixtures, if the ratio is not correct, produce much smoke when added to a base powder. The list of possibilities goes on and on. The trick to a successful smoke bomb also lies in the container used. A plastic cylinder works well, and contributes to the smoke produced. The hole in the smoke bomb where the fuse enters must be large enough to allow the material to burn without causing an explosion. This is another plus for plastic containers, since they will melt and burn when the smoke material ignites, producing an opening large enough to prevent an explosion. 5.11 SIMPLE SMOKE/STINK BOMB Simple smoke/stink bomb- you can purchaase sulphur at a drugstore under the name flowers of sulphur. now when sulphur burns it will give off a very strong odor and plenty of smoke. now all you need is a fuse from a firecracker, a tin can, and the sulphur. fill the can with sulphur(pack very lightly), put aluninum foil over the top of the can, poke a small hole into the foil, insert the wick, and light it and get out of the room if you value your lungs. you can find many uses for this (or at least i hope so). 5.12 SIMPLE SMOKE BOMB Needed : Sugar Epson Salts 1.) Mix the ingredients, 3 parts sugar, 6 parts epson salts. 2.) Put the mixture in a tin container and heat it with a lighter. 3.) When it has turned into a gel, put a fuse in it (a match will do). 4.) Let the gel harden. 5.13 SMOKE SMOKE SMOKE... The following reaction should produce a fair amount of smoke. Since this reaction is not all that dangerous you can use larger amounts if necessary 6 pt. ZINC POWDER 1 pt. SULFUR POWDER Insert a red hot wire into the pile, step back. There are many other experiments I could have included, but i will save them for the next chemist's corner article. upcoming articles will include glow-in-the-dark reactions, 'party' reactions, things you can do with household chemicals , etc... I would like to give credit to a book by shakashari entitled "Chemical demonstrations" for a few of the precise amounts of chemicals in some experiments. ...ZAPHOD BEEBLEBROX/MPG! 5.2 COLORED FLAMES Colored flames can often be used as a signaling device for terrorists. by putting a ball of colored flame material in a rocket; the rocket, when the ejection charge fires, will send out a burning colored ball. The materials that produce the different colors of flames appear below. COLOR MATERIAL USED IN red strontium road flares, salts red sparklers (strontium nitrate) green barium salts green sparklers (barium nitrate) yellow sodium salts gold sparklers (sodium nitrate) blue powdered copper blue sparklers, old pennies white powdered magnesium firestarters, or aluminum aluminum foil purple potassium permanganate purple fountains, treating sewage 5.3 TEAR GAS A terrorist who could make tear gas or some similar compound could use it with ease against a large number of people. Tear gas is fairly complicated to make, however, and this prevents such individuals from being able to utilize its great potential for harm. One method for its preparation is shown below. EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING TEAR GAS _________ 1. ring stands (2) 7. clamp holder 2. alcohol burner 8. condenser 3. erlenmeyer flask, 300 ml 9. rubber tubing 4. clamps (2) 10. collecting flask 5. rubber stopper 11. air trap 6. glass tubing 12. beaker, 300 ml MATERIALS _________ 10 gms glycerine 2 gms sodium bisulfate distilled water 1.) In an open area, wearing a gas mask, mix 10 gms of glycerine with 2 gms of sodium bisulfate in the 300 ml erlenmeyer flask. 2.) Light the alcohol burner, and gently heat the flask. 3.) The mixture will begin to bubble and froth; these bubbles are tear gas. 4.) When the mixture being heated ceases to froth and generate gas, or a brown residue becomes visible in the tube, the reaction is complete. Remove the heat source, and dispose of the heated mixture, as it is corrosive. 5.) The material that condenses in the condenser and drips into the collecting flask is tear gas. It must be capped tightly, and stored in a safe place. 5.31 LAUGHING GAS As a special treat for the dopers in the audience and since ammonium nitrate has been on your mind for a few minutes, you might as well learn how to make laughing gas from ammonium nitrate. Laughing gas was one of the earliest anaesthetics. After a little while of inhaling the gas the patient became so happy [ain't life great?] he couldn't keep from laughing. Finally he would drift off to a pleasant sleep. Some do-it-yourselfers have died while taking laughing gas. This is because they has generated it through plastic bags while their heads were inside. They were simply suffocating but were too bombed out to realize it. The trick is to have a plastic clothes bag in which you generate a lot of the gas. Then you stop generating the gas and hold a small opening of the bag under your nose, getting plenty of oxygen in the meantime. Then, Whee! To make it you start with ammonium nitrate bought from a chemical supply house or which you have purified with 100% rubbing or wood alcohol. First, dissolve a quantity of ammonium nitrate in some water. Then you evaporate the water over the stove, while stirring, until you have a heavy brine. When nearly all the moisture is out it should solidify instantly when a drop is put on an ice cold metal plate. When ready, dump it all out on a very cold surface. After a while, break it up and store it in a bottle. A spoonful is put into a flask with a one-hole stopper, with a tube leading into a big plastic bag. The flask is heated with an alcohol lamp. When the temperature in the flask reaches 480 F the gas will generate. If white fumes appear the heat should be lowered as the stuff explodes at 600 F. When the bag is filled, stop the action and get ready to turn on. Addendum 4/12/91: N2O supplants oxygen in your blood, but you don't realize it. It's easy to die from N2O because you're suffocating and your breathing reflex doesn't know it. SO: Do not put your head in a plastic bag (duhh...) because you will cheerfully choke to death. 5.4 FIREWORKS While fireworks cannot really be used as an effective means of terror, they do have some value as distractions or incendiaries. There are several basic types of fireworks that can be made in the home, whether for fun, profit, or nasty uses. 5.41 FIRECRACKERS A simple firecracker can be made from cardboard tubing and epoxy. The instructions are below: 1) Cut a small piece of cardboard tubing from the tube you are using. "Small" means anything less than 4 times the diameter of the tube. 2) Set the section of tubing down on a piece of wax paper, and fill it with epoxy and the drying agent to a height of 3/4 the diameter of the tubing. Allow the epoxy to dry to maximum hardness, as specified on the package. 3) When it is dry, put a small hole in the middle of the tube, and insert a desired length of fuse. 4) Fill the tube with any type of flame-sensitive explosive. Flash powder, pyrodex, black powder, potassium picrate, lead azide, nitrocellulose, or any of the fast burning fuel-oxodizer mixtures will do nicely. Fill the tube almost to the top. 5) Pack the explosive tightly in the tube with a wad of tissue paper and a pencil or other suitable ramrod. Be sure to leave enough space for more epoxy. 6) Fill the remainder of the tube with the epoxy and hardener, and allow it to dry. 7) For those who wish to make spectacular firecrackers, always use flash powder, mixed with a small amount of other material for colors. By crushing the material on a sparkler, and adding it to the flash powder, the explosion will be the same color as the sparkler. By adding small chunks of sparkler material, the device will throw out colored burning sparks, of the same color as the sparkler. By adding powdered iron, orange sparks will be produced. White sparks can be produced from magnesium shavings, or from small, LIGHTLY crumpled balls of aluminum foil. Example: Suppose I wish to make a firecracker that will explode with a red flash, and throw out white sparks. First, I would take a road flare, and finely powder the material inside it. Or, I could take a red sparkler, and finely powder it. Then, I would mix a small amount of this material with the flash powder. (NOTE: FLASH POWDER MAY REACT WITH SOME MATERIALS THAT IT IS MIXED WITH, AND EXPLODE SPONTANEOUSLY!) I would mix it in a ratio of 9 parts flash powder to 1 part of flare or sparkler material, and add about 15 small balls of aluminum foil I would store the material in a plastic bag overnight outside of the house, to make sure that the stuff doesn't react. Then, in the morning, I would test a small amount of it, and if it was satisfactory, I would put it in the firecracker. 8) If this type of firecracker is mounted on a rocket engine, professional to semi-professional displays can be produced. 5.42 SKYROCKETS An impressive home made skyrocket can easily be made in the home from model rocket engines. Estes engines are recommended. 1) Buy an Estes Model Rocket Engine of the desired size, remembering that the power doubles with each letter. (See sect. 6.1 for details) 2) Either buy a section of body tube for model rockets that exactly fits the engine, or make a tube from several thicknesses of paper and glue. 3) Scrape out the clay backing on the back of the engine, so that the powder is exposed. Glue the tube to the engine, so that the tube covers at least half the engine. Pour a small charge of flash powder in the tube, about 1/2 an inch. 4) By adding materials as detailed in the section on firecrackers, various types of effects can be produced. 5) By putting Jumping Jacks or bottle rockets without the stick in the tube, spectacular displays with moving fireballs or M.R.V.'s can be produced. 6) Finally, by mounting many home made firecrackers on the tube with the fuses in the tube, multiple colored bursts can be made. 5.43 ROMAN CANDLES Roman candles are impressive to watch. They are relatively difficult to make, compared to the other types of home-made fireworks, but they are well worth the trouble. 1) Buy a 1/2 inch thick model rocket body tube, and reinforce it with several layers of paper and/or masking tape. This must be done to prevent the tube from exploding. Cut the tube into about 10 inch lengths. 2) Put the tube on a sheet of wax paper, and seal one end with epoxy and the drying agent. About 1/2 of an inch is sufficient. 3) Put a hole in the tube just above the bottom layer of epoxy, and insert a desired length of water proof fuse. Make sure that the fuse fits tightly. 4) Pour about 1 inch of pyrodex or gunpowder down the open end of the tube. 5) Make a ball by powdering about two 6 inch sparklers of the desired color. Mix this powder with a small amount of flash powder and a small amount of pyrodex, to have a final ratio (by volume) of 60% sparkler material / 20% flash powder / 20% pyrodex. After mixing the powders well, add water, one drop at a time, and mixing continuously, until a damp paste is formed. This paste should be moldable by hand, and should retain its shape when left alone. Make a ball out of the paste that just fits into the tube. Allow the ball to dry. 6) When it is dry, drop the ball down the tube. It should slide down fairly easily. Put a small wad of tissue paper in the tube, and pack it gently against the ball with a pencil. 7) When ready to use, put the candle in a hole in the ground, pointed in a safe direction, light the fuse, and run. If the device works, a colored fireball should shoot out of the tube to a height of about 30 feet. This height can be increased by adding a slightly larger powder charge in step 4, or by using a slightly longer tube. 8) If the ball does not ignite, add slightly more pyrodex in step 5. 9) The balls made for roman candles also function very well in rockets, producing an effect of falling colored fireballs. 6 USEFUL CHEMISTRY 6.1 POISONS A method of assasinatin that have been used through the ages is the use of poisons. These can be inhaled, injected, imbibed, absorbed, or eaten. 6.11 LIST OF POISONS Acrylonitrile (cyanid-like) Aniline (inhaled or absorbed) Antimony trichloride (vapor) Arsenic (Paris Green, Rat Poison, Ant Paste, Fowler's Solution) Atropine (Bella Donna, Homatropine, Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, Jimson Weed, Scopolamine) Amytal Benzidine Black Leaf 40 (nicotine) Bromine (vapor) Cadmium (vapor) Cantharrides (Spanish Fly) Cabon Disulfide (vapor, liquid) Carbon tetrachloride (phosgene vapor) Cathartic pills Cherry Laurel Water (Cyanide) Chloronitrobenzine Copper Sulfate (Bluestone) Curare (Introcostrin, used by vets.) Cyanogen Ethylene Chlorohydrin (liquid, vapor) Ethyl mercury chloride (liquid, solid, vapor) Fire Extinguisher fluid Roach Poisons Freon (when heated by flame) Metallic hybrides (Arsine, Phosphine, Stipine gasses) Morphine Nicotine sulfate Nitrobenzene Oxalic Acid & Oxalates Parathion (E-605, Thiphos, Thiophospate) Phosphorus-white (Fireworks & foreign match heads, rat poisons) Phosgene (Carbon tet., Chloroform in contact with flame) Tetrachloroethane (acetyle tetrachloride) Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) Thallium (Thalgrain rat poison) Toxaphene (Chlorinated camphene) Toluidine (vapor) Weed killers (2,4-D) 6.2 DRUGS I do not recoment the use of drugs in any way, and I take no responsibility for what could be the result of using any of these recipies. 6.21 BANANDINE (MADE FROM BANANA!) BANANAS DO CONTAIN A SMALL QUANTITY OF A MILD SHORT LASTING PSYCHODELIC DRUG. THERE ARE BETTER WAYS OF GETTING HIGH BUT THE GREAT ADVANTAGE OF THIS IS THAT BANANAS ARE LEGAL (FOR NOW) 1] OBTAIN 15 LBS OF RIPE YELLOW BANANAS 2] PEEL THEM ALL, EAT THE CHOW, KEEP THE PEELS. 3] WITH A SHARP KNIFE, SCRAPE OFF THE INSIDES OF THE PEELINGS, AND SAVE THE SCRAPED MATERIAL. 4] PUT ALL SCRAPED MATERIAL IN A LARGE POT AND ADD WATER. BOIL FOR THREE TO FOUR HOURS UNTIL IT HAS ATTAINED A SOLID PASTE. 5] SPREAD THIS PASTE ON COOKIE SHEETS AND DRY IN OVEN FOR ABOUT 20 MIN. TO A HALF AN HOUR. THIS WILL RESULT IN A FINE BLACK POWDER ROLL IT UP AND SMOKE ABOUT 3-4 OF THOSE DUDES 6.22 PEANUTS! 1] OBTAIN A POUND OF PEANUTS. 2] SHELL THEM, SAVING THE SKINS AND DISCARDING THE SHELLS. 3] PORK OUT ON THE NUTS WHILE WATCHING David Letterman ONE NIGHT. 4] GRIND UP THE SKINS, ROLL THEM, SMOKE THEM. 6.23 MARIJUANA Any fool can grow their own marijuana.... just plant the seeds in a warm, sunny and not too public place, water and fertilize as you would any other plant, and in a short while you'll have your own homegrown weed. I've heard that you can kill mites by soaking some tobacco (buy a pack of plain pipe tobacco) in water, and spraying it on the leaves (you don't want to use toxic chemicals on something you're going to smoke later) If you're not used to the stuff, cut it with 50% tobacco, and smoke it in a filtered pipe or use the mixture to refill a cigarette- the tar content is MUCH higher than that of a regular cigarrette. Remember, cultivation is a FEDERAL crime, so if you can do it at home, just pick a room with no windows, and put in some grow lights (sodium vapor lamps are reputed to be the best- steal a couple streetlights) and a water spigot. 7 USEFUL TECHNIQUES 7.1 LOCKPICKING If it becomes necessary to pick a lock to enter a lab, the world's most effective lockpick is dynamite, followed by a sledgehammer. There are unfortu- nately, problems with noise and excess structural damage with these methods. The next best thing, however, is a set of army issue lockpicks. These, unfortunately, are difficult to acquire. 7.11 PICKING LOCKS THE EASY WAY If the door to a lab is locked, but the deadbolt is not engaged, then there are other possibilities. The rule here is: if one can see the latch, one can open the door. There are several devices which facilitate freeing the latch from its hole in the wall. Dental tools, stiff wire ( 20 gauge ), specially bent aluminum from cans, thin pocketknives, and credit cards are the tools of the trade. The way that all these tools and devices are uses is similar: pull, push, or otherwise move the latch out of its hole in the wall, and pull the door open. This is done by sliding whatever tool that you are using behind the latch, and pulling the latch out from the wall. To make an aluminum-can lockpick, terrorists can use an aluminum can and carefully cut off the can top and bottom. Cut off the cans' ragged ends. Then, cut the open-ended cylinder so that it can be flattened out into a single long rectangle. This should then be cut into inch wide strips. Fold the strips in 1/4 inch increments (1). One will have a long quadruple-thick 1/4 inch wide strip of aluminum. This should be folded into an L-shape, a J-shape, or a U- shape. This is done by folding. The pieces would look like this: (1) _______________________________________________________ v 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | 1 inch 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | ^ Fold along lines to make a single quadruple-thick piece of aluminum. This should then be folded to produce an L,J,or U shaped device that looks like this: ________________________________________ /________________________________________| | | | | L-shaped | | | | |_| _____________________________ / ___________________________| | | | | J-shaped | | | |________ \________| _____________________ / ___________________| | | | | | | U-shaped | | | |____________________ \____________________| All of these devices should be used to hook the latch of a door and pull the latch out of its hole. The folds in the lockpicks will be between the door and the wall, and so the device will not unfold, if it is made properly. Addendum 4/12/91 Another method of forced entry is to use an automobile jack to force the frame around the door out of shape, freeing the latch or exposing it to the above methods. This is possible because most door frames are designed with a slight amount of "give". Simply put the jack into position horizontally across the frame in the vicinty of the latch, and jack it out. If the frame is wood it may be possible to remove the jack after shutting the door, which will relock the door and leave few signs of forced entry. 7.12 PICKING COMBINATION LOCKS Ok, so ya say ya wanna learn how to pick combination locks...This text file should help you. As a matter of fact, if ya do it right, it will help you. First of all, let me tell you about the set-up of a lock. When the lock is locked, there is a curved piece of metal wedged inside the little notch on the horseshoe shaped bar that is pushed in to the lock when you lock it. To free this wedge, you usually have to turn the lock to the desired combination and the pressure on the wedge is released therefore letting the lock open. I will now tell you how to make a pick so you can open a lock without having to waste all that time turning the combination (this also helps when ya don't know the combination to begin with). First of all, ya need to find a hairpin. What's a hairpin? Well, just ask your mom. She will have one. If she asks what its for, say ya gotta hold something together... If she says use a rubberband or use a paperclip, go to the store and rip off a box of 50 or so. Once you have your hair pin (make sure it's metal), take the ridged side and break it off right before it starts to make a U-turn onto the straight side. The curved part t can now be used as a handle. Now, using a file, file down the other end until it is fairly thin. You should do this to many hairpins and file them so they are of different thicknesses so you can pick various locks. Some locks are so cheap that ya don't even have ta file! But most are not. Ok, now you have a lock pick. Now if ya haven't figured it out, here's how ya use it. You look at a lock to see which side the lock opens from. If you can't tell, you will just have to try both sides. When ya find out what side it opens from, , take the lock pick and stick the filed end into the inside of the horseshoe-shaped bar on whichever side the lock opens from. Now, put pressure on the handle of the lock pick (pushing down, into the crack) and pull the lock up and down. The lock will then open because the pick separated the wedge and the notch allowing us thieves to open it. Don't say bullshit until you've tried it. Because I have gotten lots of beer money from doin' this to fellow students' gym lockers. Also, this technique works best on American locks. I have never picked a Master lock before because of the shape a pressure of the wedge but if anyone does it, let me know how long it took. Also, the Master lock casing is very tight so ya can't get the pick in. So, if you're locking something valuable up, use a Master, cuz at least ya know I won't be picking it and I'm sure there aren't that many that could. And when I say pick, i don't mean lighting a stick of dynamite next to the lock, picking is opening a lock without using force, making a substitute key, etc... If any of you believe that this information is not sufficient for picking an American lock, or any other kind besides Master, leave me a message at /\/\etallant 1 (503) 538-0761. This concludes my text file on picking combination locks. My next text file will probably be "Picking key locks". See ya later, The Byte basher. 7.13 HOW TO PICK MASTER LOCKS By Gin Fizz & Ninja NYC Have you ever tried to impress your friends by picking one of those Master combination locks and failed? Well then read on. The Master lock company has made this kind of lock with a protection scheme. If you pull the handle of it hard, the knob won't turn. That was their biggest mistake...... Ok, now on to it. 1st number. Get out any of the Master locks so you know what's going on. 1: The handle part (the part that springs open when you get the combination), pull on it, but not enough so that the knob won't move. 2: While pulling on it turn the knob to the left until it won't move any more. Then add 5 to this number. Congradulations, you now have the 1st number. 2nd number. (a lot tougher) Ok, spin the dial around a couple of times, then go to the 1st number you got, then turn it to the right, bypassing the 1st number once. WHEN you have bypassed. Start pulling the handle and turning it. It will eventually fall into the groove and lock. While in the groove pull on it and turn the knob. If it is loose go to the next groove; if it's stiff you got the second number. 3rd number: After getting the 2nd, spin the dial, then enter the 2 numbers, then after the 2nd, go to the right and at all the numbers pull on it. The lock will eventually open if you did it right. If can't do it the first time, be patient, it takes time. Addendum 4/12/91: I've tried this, and it no longer seems to work (master wised up) HOWEVER- the "MASTER warded padlock" locks are easily picked... These are the lock with the keys that look like this: _ _ / \_[]_[]__[]_[] A cross section looks like this: \_/ \ \_/ [] [] [] [] Just file the key down so it looks like this: _ _ / \___________[] A cross section looks like this: ~~~~~ \_/ [] Now you can bypass the wards... sometimes you have to pull the key up and down, turning as you pass each block, to release the latch. *End Addendum 7.2 HOW TO COUNTERFEIT Written by The Wave This article deals with how to make counterfeit money. Before reading this article it would be a very good idea to get a book about photo-offset printing, for that's how you'll have to print it. For someone who is familiar with offset printing, printing money is a breeze. Real money is made by a process called gravure. It involves carving out of a metal block (but I don't think anyone can do that by hand-if you can, you should be on That's Incredible!). When you are done (if you did everything correctly) you will have a finished product nearly identical to real money, depending on your printing skills. Well, let's get started! First I'd like to tell you briefly how offset printing works. It starts by making negatives (kind of like when you take a picture with your camera). Then you take the negatives and put them on a piece of masking material ( usually orange). Then you expose the STRIPPED negatives or FLATS to a lithographic plate with an arc light plate maker. The BURNED plates are then developed with the proper developer chemical. These plates (one at a time of course) are wrapped around the plate cylinder of the press. The press to use should be an 11 by 14 (or so) offset such as the 11 by 17 AB Dick 360. Then the printing begins! To learn in detail how to do each of these steps you should again get a book on the subject. The presswork takes some practice, but you'll get the hang of it. BTW you can pick up an 11 by 14 offset for about $500 if you shop around (or you can ** BORROW ** a press from your local Insty Prints at about 3:00 in the morning!). First, like I said before, you need negatives. Make 2 negatives of the portrait side of the bill and 1 of the back side. After developing them and letting them dry, take them to a light table. Get some opaque and, on one of the portrait sides, touch out all the green (the seal and the serial numbers). Line that one up on the FLAT and leave about 1/2 inch from the top of the flat. Then for the other portrait, touch out everything BUT the seal and serial numbers. The back side doesn't require any retouching because it is all one color. Now, make sure all the negatives are lined up right, or REGISTERED, on the flats. By the way, every time you need another serial number, just shoot 1 neg. of the portrait side and cut out the serial number. Cut out the old serial number from the flat and replace it with the new one. Ok, now you have 3 flats, each represents a different color-black and 2 shades of green (which of course are made by mixing inks). Now you are ready to burn the plates. Take a lithographic plate and mark 3 marks on it. These marks must be 2 & 9/16 in. apart, starting on one of the short edges. Do the same thing to 2 more plates. Then take 1 of the flats and place it on the plate, lining the short edge up with the edge of the plate-EXACTLY! Burn it, move it up to the next mark, and cover up the exposed area you already burned. Burn that and do the same thing 2 more times-moving the flat up one mark. Then do the same process with the other 2 flats (each on a separate plate). Develope all 3 plates. You should have 4 images on each plate with an equal space between each bill. Roll the Presses! The paper you will need won't match exactly, but you can make it pretty damn close (close enough for the cashier at K-Mart!). The paper to use should have a 25% rag content. I have found that Disaperf computer paper works great - that's the kind that you can barely see the perforation. Take this paper (cut the pinfeed holes off first!) and load it into the press. Be sure to set the air, buckle, and paper thickness right. Start with the black plate (the one with out the serial numbers). Wrap it around the cylinder and load black ink in. Make sure you run more than you need because there will be a lot of rejects. Then, while that's printing, mix the inks for the serial #'s and the back side. You'll need to add some white and maybe yellow to the serial # ink. You need to add black to back side. Experiment till you get it right. Clean the press and print the other side. Now you have the bill with no green seal or serial numbers. Print a few with one serial number, make another and repeat. Keep doing this until you have as many different numbers as you want. Then cut the bills to the exact size with a paper cutter Now you have a lot of money, except there is still one problemo - the paper is pure white. To dye it, mix the following in a pan: 2 cups hot water, 4 tea bags, and about 16-20 drops of green food coloring (experiment). Dip one of The bills in and compare it to a brand new REAL bill. Make the necessary adjustments, and dye all the bills. Then it is a good idea to make them look used. Wrinkle them, rub coffee grinds on them, etc. Congratulations! You're rich! Some of the info was taken from The Poor Man's James Bond, but most from personal knowledge. Also, it would be a good idea to see the movie To Live and Die in L.A. It is about a counterfeiter and they did a good job of showing how to do it. Well, that's all folks! Call the Shadowkeep AE (513) 832-1938 AE:TAC Addendum 4/12/91: I have heard that there are several methods of detecting CONTERFEIT money. First, most green ink flouresces under UV light. Second, some money verifiers sold use MAGNETIC ink and INFRARED detection to tell if the money is real. I do NOT know what the pattern used is, if anybody does, send E-mail. 8 USEFUL PYROCHEMISTRY In general, it is possible to make many chemicals from just a few basic ones. A list of useful chemical reactions is presented. It assumes knowledge of general chemistry; any individual who does not understand the following reactions would merely have to read the first five chapters of a high school chemistry book. 1. potassium perchlorate from perchloric acid and potassium hydroxide K(OH) + HClO ----> KClO + H O 4 4 2 2. potassium nitrate from nitric acid and potassium hydroxide " + HNO ----> KNO + " 3 3 3. ammonium perchlorate from perchloric acid and ammonium hydroxide NH OH + HClO ----> NH ClO + " 3 4 3 4 4. ammonium nitrate from nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide NH OH + HNO ----> NH NO + " 3 3 3 3 5. powdered aluminum from acids, aluminum foil, and magnesium A. aluminum foil + 6HCl ----> 2AlCl + 3H 3 2 B. 2AlCl (aq) + 3Mg ----> 3MgCl (aq) + 2Al 3 2 The Al will be a very fine silvery powder at the bottom of the container which must be filtered and dried. This same method works with nitric and sulfuric acids, but these acids are too valuable in the production of high explosives to use for such a purpose, unless they are available in great excess. 9.1 FUN WITH ALARMS A fact I forgot to mention in my previous alarm articles is that one can also use polyurethane foam in a can to silence horns and bells. you can purchase this at any hardware store as insulation. it is easier to handle and dries faster. Many people that travel carry a pocket alarm with them. this alarm is a small device that is hung around the door knob, and when someone touches the knob his body capacitance sets off the alarm. these nasty nuisences can be found by walking down the halls of a hotel and touching all the door knobs very quickly. if you happen to chance upon one, attach a 3' length of wire or other metal object to the knob. this will cause the sleeping business pig inside to think someone is breaking in and call room service for help. all sorts of fun and games will ensue. Some high-security instalations use keypads just like touch-tone pads (a registered trade mark of bell systems) to open locks or disarm alarms. most use three or four digits. to figure out the code, wipe the key-pad free from all fingerprints. after it had been used just apply finger print dust and all four digits will be marked. now all you have to do is figure out the order. if you want to have some fun with a keypad, try pressing the * and # at the same time. many units use this as a panic button. This will bring the owner and the cops running and ever-one will have a good time. never try to remove them from the wall, as they all have tamper switches. On the subject of holdups, most places (including super-markets, liquer stores, etc.) have what is known as a money clip. these little nasties are placed at the bottom of a money drawer and when the last few bills are with-drawn a switch closes and sets the alarm off. that's why when you make your withdrawl it's best to help your-self so you can check for these little nasties. if you find them, merely insert ones underneath the pile of twenties, and then pull out the twen-ties, leaving the one-dollar bill behind to prevent the circuit from closing. If you shoplift and see cameras, look at the brand. if it is surveillance video systems (SVS) you need not worry. these cameras look realistic to the point of pilot lights, coax, and scanning. however, they are only empty boxes. X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X
      THE TERRORIST ENCYCLOPEDIA V1.02 A publication from The Phyco Department By METAMORPHOSIS Special greetings to all the people whose work I have used. Table of Contents: 1 CHEMICALS 1.1 ACQUIRING CHEMICALS 1.2 LIST OF USEFUL HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS AND AVAILABILITY 1.3 PREPARATION OF CHEMICALS 1.31 Nitric Acid 1.32 Sulfuric Acid 1.33 Ammonium Nitrate 2 EXPLOSIVES 2.1 BUYING EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS 2.11 Black Powder 2.12 Pyrodex 2.13 Rocket Engine Powder 2.14 Rifle/Shotgun Powder 2.15 Flash Powder 2.16 Ammonium Nitrate 2.2 EXPLOSIVE RECIPIES 2.21 IMPACT EXPLOSIVES 2.211 Ammonium Triiodide Crystals 2.212 Mercury Fulminate 2.213 Nitroglycerine 2.214 Picrates 2.22 LOW ORDER EXPLOSIVES 2.221 Black Powder 2.2211 Black Powder:Grandpas Recipe 2.222 Nitrocellulose 2.223 Fuel + Oxodizer mixtures 2.224 Perchlorates 2.225 'Red or White powder' propellant 2.226 Acetone Peroxide Explosive 2.23 HIGH ORDER EXPLOSIVES 2.231 R.D.X. (Cyclonite) 2.232 Ammonium Nitrate 2.233 ANFOS 2.234 T.N.T. 2.2341 T.N.T. II 2.235 Potassium Chlorate 2.236 Dynamite 2.237 Nitrostarch Explosives 2.238 Picric Acid 2.239 Ammonium Picrate (Explosive D) 2.2391 Nitrogen Trichloride 2.2392 Lead Azide 2.2393 Astrolite 2.24 OTHER "EXPLOSIVES" 2.241 Thermite 2.242 Molotov Cocktails 2.243 Chemical Fire Bottle 2.244 Bottled Gas Explosives 2.3 USING EXPLOSIVES 2.31 SAFETY 2.32 IGNITION DEVICES 2.321 Fuse Ignition 2.3211 Blackmatch Fuse 2.322 Impact Ignition 2.323 Electrical Ignition 2.324 Electro - Mechanical Ignition 2.325 Mercury Switches 2.326 Tripwire Switches 2.327 Radio Control Detonators 2.328 Mini-Compound Detonator's 2.33 DELAYS 2.331 Fuse Delays 2.332 Timer Delays 2.333 Chemical Delays 2.34 EXPLOSIVE CONTAINERS 2.341 Paper Containers 2.342 Metal Containers 2.343 Glass Containers 2.344 Plastic Containers 2.35 ADVANCED USES FOR EXPLOSIVES 2.351 Shaped Charges 2.352 Tube Explosives 2.353 Atomized Particle Explosions 2.354 Lightbulb Bombs 2.355 Book Bombs 2.356 Phone Bombs 3 WEAPONS 3.1 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR PROJECTILE WEAPONS 3.11 PROJECTILE WEAPONS (PRIMITIVE) 3.111 Bow and Crossbow Ammunition 3.112 Blowgun Ammunition 3.113 Wrist Rocket and Slingshot Ammunition 3.114 Portable Grenade Launcher 3.12 PROJECTILE WEAPONS (FIREARMS) 3.121 Handgun Ammunition 3.122 Shotguns 3.13 PROJECTILE WEAPONS (COMPRESSED GAS) 3.131 .177 Caliber B.B Gun Ammunition 3.132 .22 Caliber Pellet Gun Ammunition 3.2 IMPROVISED WEAPONS 3.21 BOMBS 3.211 Expedient Grenades 3.212 Milk Carton Bomb 3.213 Carbide Bomb 3.214 Soft Drink Can Bomb 3.215 How to Make a Pipe Bomb 3.216 Miniature Claymore Mine 3.22 GUNS 3.221 How to make a Ice Gun 4 ROCKETS, CANNONS & LAUNCHERS 4.1 ROCKETS 4.11 Basic Rocket-Bomb 4.12 Long Range Rocket-Bomb 4.13 Multiple Warhead Rocket-Bombs 4.2 CANNONS 4.21 Basic Pipe Cannon 4.22 Rocket-Firing Cannon 4.23 Tennis Ball Cannons 5 PYROTECHNICA ERRATA 5.1 SMOKE BOMBS 5.11 Simple Smoke/stink Bomb 5.12 Simple Smoke Bomb 5.13 Smoke Smoke Smoke.... 5.2 Colored Flames 5.3 Tear Gas 5.31 Laughing Gas 5.4 FIREWORKS 5.41 Firecrackers 5.42 Skyrockets 5.43 Roman Candles 6 USEFUL CHEMISTRY 6.1 POISONS 6.11 List of Poisons 6.2 DRUGS 6.21 Banandine 6.22 Peanuts 6.23 Marijuana 7 USEFUL TECHNIQUES 7.1 LOCKPICKING 7.11 Picking Locks The Easy Way 7.12 Picking Combination Locks 7.13 How to Pick MASTER Locks 7.2 HOW TO CONTERFEIT 8 USEFUL PYROCHEMISTRY 9 USEFUL INFORMATION 9.1 Fun with Alarms 1.1 ACQUIRING CHEMICALS The first section deals with getting chemicals legally. This section deals with "procuring" them. The best place to steal chemicals is a college. Many state schools have all of their chemicals out on the shelves in the labs, and more in their chemical stockrooms. Evening is the best time to enter lab buildings, as there are the least number of people in the buildings, and most of the labs will still be unlocked. One simply takes a bookbag, wears a dress shirt and jeans, and tries to resemble a college freshman. If anyone asks what such a person is doing, the thief can simply say that he is looking for the polymer chemistry lab, or`some other chemistrymrelated department other than the one they are in. One can usually find out where the various labs and departments in a building are by calling the university. There are, of course other techniques for getting into labs after hours, such as placing a piece of cardboard in the latch of an unused door, such as a back exit. Then, all one needs to do is come back at a later hour. Also, before this is done, terrorists check for security systems. If one just walks into a lab, even if there is someone there, and walks out the back exit, and slip the cardboard in the latch before the door closes, the person in the lab will never know what happened. It is also a good idea to observe the building that one plans to rob at the time that one plans to rob it several days before the actual theft is done. This is advisable since the would- be thief should know when and if the campus security makes patrols through buildings. Of course, if none of these methods are successful, there is always section 2.11, but as a rule, college campus security is pretty poor, and nobody suspects another person in the building of doing anything wrong, even if they are there at an odd hour. 1.2 LIST OF USEFUL HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS AND THEIR AVAILABILITY Anyone can get many chemicals from hardware stores, supermarkets, and drug stores to get the materials to make explosives or other dangerous compounds. A would-be terrorist would merely need a station wagon and some money to acquire many of the chemicals named here. Chemical Used In Available at ________ _______ ____________ alcohol, ethyl * alcoholic beverages liquor stores solvents (95% min. for both) hardware stores ammonia + CLEAR household ammonia supermarkets/7-eleven ammonium instant-cold paks, drug stores, nitrate fertilizers medical supply stores nitrous oxide pressurizing whip cream party supply stores poppers (like CO2 ctgs.) Head shops, The Alley Belmont/Clark, Chgo magnesium firestarters surplus/camping stores lecithin vitamins pharmacies/drug stores mineral oil cooking, laxative supermarket/drug stores mercury @ mercury thermometers supermarkets/hardware stores sulfuric acid uncharged car batteries automotive stores glycerine ? pharmacies/drug stores sulfur gardening gardening/hardware store charcoal charcoal grills supermarkets/gardening stores sodium nitrate fertilizer gardening store cellulose (cotton) first aid drug/medical supply stores strontium nitrate road flares surplus/auto stores, fuel oil kerosene stoves surplus/camping stores, bottled gas propane stoves surplus/camping stores, potassium permanganate water purification purification plants hexamine or hexamine stoves surplus/camping stores methenamine (camping) nitric acid ^ cleaning printing printing shops plates photography stores Iodine disinfectant (tinture) Pharmacy, OSCO sodium perchlorate solidox pellets hardware stores (VERY impure) for cutting torches notes: * ethyl alcohol is mixed with methyl alcohol when it is used as a solvent. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous. Solvent alcohol must be at least 95% ethyl alcohol if it is used to make mercury fulminate. Methyl alcohol may prevent mercury fulminate from forming. + Ammonia, when bought in stores comes in a variety of forms. The pine and cloudy ammonias should not be bought; only the clear ammonia should be used to make ammonium triiodide crystals. @ Mercury thermometers are becoming a rarity, unfortunately. They may be hard to find in most stores as they have been superseded by alcohol and other less toxic fillings. Mercury is also used in mercury switches, which are available at electronics stores. Mercury is a hazardous substance, and should be kept in the thermometer or mercury switch until used. It gives off mercury vapors which will cause brain damage if inhaled. For this reason, it is a good idea not to spill mercury, and to always use it outdoors. Also, do not get it in an open cut; rubber gloves will help prevent this. ^ Nitric acid is very difficult to find nowadays. It is usually stolen by bomb makers, or made by the process described in a later section. A desired concentration for making explosives about 70%. & The iodine sold in drug stores is usually not the pure crystaline form that is desired for producing ammonium triiodide crystals. To obtain the pure form, it must usually be acquired by a doctor's prescription, but this can be expensive. Once again, theft is the means that terrorists result to. 1.3 PREPARATION OF CHEMICALS 1.31 NITRIC ACID There are several ways to make this most essential of all acids for explosives. One method by which it could be made will be presented. Once again, be reminded that these methods SHOULD NOT BE CARRIED OUT!! Materials: Equipment: ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ sodium nitrate or adjustable heat source potassium nitrate retort distilled water ice bath concentrated sulfuric acid stirring rod collecting flask with stopper 1) Pour 32 milliliters of concentrated sulfuric acid into the retort. 2) Carefully weigh out 58 grams of sodium nitrate, or 68 grams of potassium nitrate. and add this to the acid slowly. If it all does not dissolve, carefully stir the solution with a glass rod until it does. 3) Place the open end of the retort into the collecting flask, and place the collecting flask in the ice bath. 4) Begin heating the retort, using low heat. Continue heating until liquid begins`to come out`of the end of the`retort. The liquid that forms is nitric acid. Heat until the precipitate in the bottom of the retort is almost dry, or until no more nitric acid is forming. CAUTION: If the acid is headed too strongly, the nitric acid will decompose as soon as it is formed. This can result in the production of highly flammable and toxic gasses that may explode. It is a good idea to set the above apparatus up, and then get away from it. Potassium nitrate could also be obtained from store-bought black powder, simply by dissolving black powder in boiling water and filtering out the sulfur and charcoal. To obtain 68 g of potassium nitrate, it would be necessary to dissolve about 90 g of black powder in about one litre of boiling water. Filter the dissolved solution through filter paper in a funnel into a jar until the liquid that pours through is clear. The charcoal and sulfur in black powder are insoluble in water, and so when the solution of water is allowed to evaporate, potassium nitrate will be left in the jar. 1.32 SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid is far too difficult to make outside of a laboratory or industrial plant. However, it is readily available in an uncharged car battery. A person wishing to make sulfuric acid would simply remove the top of a car battery and pour the acid into a glass container. There would probably be pieces of lead from the battery in the acid which would have to be removed, either by boiling or filtration. The concentration of the sulfuric acid can also be increased by boiling it; very pure sulfuric acid pours slightly faster than clean motor oil. 1.33 AMMONIUM NITRATE Ammonium nitrate is a very powerful but insensitive high-order explosive. It could be made very easily by pouring nitric acid into a large flask in an ice bath. Then, by simply pouring household ammonia into the flask and running away, ammonium nitrate would be formed. After the materials have stopped reacting, one would simply have to leave the solution in a warm place until all of the water and any unneutralized ammonia or acid have evaporated. There would be a fine powder formed, which would be ammonium nitrate. It must be kept in an airtight container, because of its tendency to pick up water from the air. The crystals formed in the above process would have to be heated VERY gently to drive off the remaining water. 2 EXPLOSIVES An explosive is any material that, when ignited by heat or shock, undergoes rapid decomposition or oxidation. This process releases energy that is stored in the material in the form of heat and light, or by breaking down into gaseous compounds that occupy a much larger volume that the original piece of material. Because this expansion is very rapid, large volumes of air are displaced by the expanding gasses. This expansion occurs at a speed greater than the speed of sound, and so a sonic boom occurs. This explains the mechanics behind an explosion. Explosives occur in several forms: high-order explosives which detonate, low order explosives, which burn, and primers, which may do both. High order explosives detonate. A detonation occurs only in a high order explosive. Detonations are usually incurred by a shockwave that passes through a block of the high explosive material. The shockwave breaks apart the molecular bonds between the atoms of the substance, at a rate approximately equal to the speed of sound traveling through that material. In a high explosive, the fuel and oxodizer are chemically bonded, and the shockwave breaks apart these bonds, and re-combines the two materials to produce mostly gasses. T.N.T., ammonium nitrate, and R.D.X. are examples of high order explosives. Low order explosives do not detonate; they burn, or undergo oxidation. when heated, the fuel(s) and oxodizer(s) combine to produce heat, light, and gaseous products. Some low order materials burn at about the same speed under pressure as they do in the open, such as blackpowder. Others, such as gunpowder, which is correctly called nitrocellulose, burn much faster and hotter when they are in a confined space, such as the barrel of a firearm; they usually burn much slower than blackpowder when they are ignited in unpressurized conditions. Black powder, nitrocellulose, and flash powder are good examples of low order explosives. Primers are peculiarities to the explosive field. Some of them, such as mercury filminate, will function as a low or high order explosive. They are usually more sensitive to friction, heat, or shock, than the high or low explosives. Most primers perform like a high order explosive, except that they are much more sensitive. Still others merely burn, but when they are confined, they burn at a great rate and with a large expansion of gasses and a shockwave. Primers are usually used in a small amount to initiate, or cause to decompose, a high order explosive, as in an artillery shell. But, they are also frequently used to ignite a low order explosive; the gunpowder in a bullet is ignited by the detonation of its primer. 2.1 BUYING EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS Almost any city or town of reasonable size has a gun store and a pharmacy. These are two of the places that potential terrorists visit in order to purchase explosive material. All that one has to do is know something about the non- explosive uses of the materials. Black powder, for example, is used in blackpowder firearms. It comes in varying "grades", with each different grade being a slightly different size. The grade of black powder depends on what the calibre of the gun that it is used in; a fine grade of powder could burn too fast in the wrong caliber weapon. The rule is: the smaller the grade, the faster the burn rate of the powder. 2.11 BLACK POWDER Black powder is generally available in three grades. As stated before, the smaller the grade, the faster the powder burns. Burn rate is extremely important in bombs. Since an explosion is a rapid increase of gas volume in a confined environment, to make an explosion, a quick-burning powder is desirable. The three common grades of black powder are listed below, along with the usual bore width (calibre) of what they are used in. Generally, the fastest burning powder, the FFF grade is desirable. However, the other grades and uses are listed below: GRADE BORE WIDTH EXAMPLE OF GUN ½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½ F .50 or greater model cannon; some rifles FF .36 - .50 large pistols; small rifles FFF .36 or smaller pistols; derringers The FFF grade is the fastest burning, because the smaller grade has more surface area or burning surface exposed to the flame front. The larger grades also have uses which will be discussed later. The price range of black powder, per pound, is about $8.50 - $9.00. The price is not affected by the grade, and so one saves oneself time and work if one buys the finer grade of powder. The major problems with black powder are that it can be ignited accidentally by static electricity, and that it has a tendency to absorb moisture from the air. To safely crush it, a bomber would use a plastic spoon and a wooden salad bowl. Taking a small pile at a time, he or she would apply pressure to the powder through the spoon and rub it in a series of strokes or circles, but not too hard. It is fine enough to use when it is about as fine as flour. The fineness, however, is dependant on what type of device one wishes to make; obviously, it would be impracticle to crush enough powder to fill a 1 foot by 4 inch radius pipe. Anyone can purchase black powder, since anyone can own black powder firearms in America. 2.12 PYRODEX Pyrodex is a synthetic powder that is used like black powder. It comes in the same grades, but it is more expensive per pound. However, a one pound container of pyrodex contains more material by volume than a pound of black powder. It is much easier to crush to a very fine powder than black powder, and it is considerably safer and more reliable. This is because it will not be set off by static electricity, as black can be, and it is less inclined to absorb moisture. It costs about $10.00 per pound. It can be crushed in the same manner as black powder, or it can be dissolved in boiling water and dried. 2.13 ROCKET ENGINE POWDER One of the most exciting hobbies nowadays is model rocketry. Estes is the largest producer of model rocket kits and engines. Rocket engines are composed of a single large grain of propellant. This grain is surrounded by a fairly heavy cardboard tubing. One gets the propellant by slitting the tube length- wise, and unwrapping`it like a paper towel roll. When this is done, the grey fire clay at either end of the propellant grain must be removed. This is usually done gently with a plastic or brass knife. The material is exceptionally hard, and must be crushed to be used. By gripping the grain on the widest setting on a set of pliers, and putting the grain and powder in a plastic bag, the powder will not break apart and shatter all over. This should be done to all the large chunks of powder, and then it should be crushed like black powder. Rocket engines come in various sizes, ranging from 1/4 A - 2T to the incredibly powerful D engines. The larger the engine, the more expensive. D engines come in packages of three, and cost about $5.00 per package. Rocket engines are perhaps the single most useful item sold in stores to a terrorist, since they can be used as is, or can be cannibalized for their explosive powder. 2.14 RIFLE/SHOTGUN POWDER Rifle powder and shotgun powder are really the same from a practicle standpoint. They are both nitrocellulose based propellants. They will be referred to as gunpowder in all future references. Gunpowder is made by the action of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid upon cotton. This material is then dissolved by solvents and then reformed in the desired grain size. When dealing with gunpowder, the grain size is not nearly as important as that of black powder. Both large and small grained gunpowder burn fairly slowly compared to black powder when unconfined, but when it is confined, gunpowder burns both hotter and with more gaseous expansion, producing more pressure. Therefore, the grinding process that is often necessary for other propellants is not necessary for gunpowder. Gunpowder costs about $9.00 per pound. Any idiot can buy it, since there are no restrictions on rifles or shotguns in the U.S. 2.15 FLASH POWDER Flash powder is a mixture`of powdered zirconium metal and various oxidizers. It`is extremely sensitive to heat or sparks, and should be treated with more care than black powder, with which it should NEVER be mixed. It is sold in small containers which must be mixed and shaken before use. It is very finely powdered, and is available in three speeds: fast, medium, and slow. The fast flash powder is the best for using in explosives or detonators. It burns very rapidly, regardless of confinement or packing, with a hot white "flash", hence its name. It is fairly expensive, costing about $11.00. It is sold in magic shops and theatre supply stores. 2.16 AMMONIUM NITRATE Ammonium nitrate is a high explosive material that is often used as a commercial "safety explosive" It is very stable, and is difficult to ignite with a match. It will only light if the glowing, red-hot part of a match is touching it. It is also difficult to detonate; (the phenomenon of detonation will be explained later) it requires a large shockwave to cause it to go high explosive. Commercially, it is sometimes mixed with a small amount of nitro- glycerine to increase its sensitivity. Ammonium nitrate is used in the "Cold- Paks" or "Instant Cold", available in most drug stores. The "Cold Paks" consist of a bag of water, surrounded by a second plastic bag containing the ammonium nitrate. To get the ammonium nitrate, simply cut off the top of the outside bag, remove the plastic bag of water, and save the ammonium nitrate in a well sealed, airtight container, since it is rather hydroscopic, i.e. it tends to absorb water from the air. It is also the main ingredient in many fertilizers. 2.2 EXPLOSIVE RECIPES Once again, persons reading this material MUST NEVER ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE ANY OF THE EXPLOSIVES DESCRIBED HEREIN. IT IS ILLEGAL AND EXTREMELY DANGEROUS TO ATTEMPT TO DO SO. LOSS OF LIFE AND/OR LIMB COULD EASILY OCCUR AS A RESULT OF ATTEMPTING TO PRODUCE EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS. These recipes are theoretically correct, meaning that an individual could conceivably produce the materials described. The methods here are usually scaled-down industrial procedures. 2.21 IMPACT EXPLOSIVES Impact explosives are often used as primers. Of the ones discussed here, only mercury fulminate and nitroglycerine are real explosives; Ammonium triiodide crystals decompose upon impact, but they release little heat and no light. Impact explosives are always treated with the greatest care, and even the stupidest anarchist never stores them near any high or low explosives. 2.211 AMMONIUM TRIIODIDE CRYSTALS Ammonium triiodide crystals are foul-smelling purple colored crystals that decompose under the slightest amount of heat, friction, or shock, if they are made with the purest ammonia (ammonium hydroxide) and iodine. Such crystals are said to detonate when a fly lands on them, or when an ant walks across them. Household ammonia, however, has enough impurities, such as soaps and abrasive agents, so that the crystals will detonate when thrown,crushed, or heated. Upon detonation, a loud report is heard, and a cloud of purple iodine gas appears about the detonation site. Whatever the unfortunate surface that the crystal was detonated upon will usually be ruined, as some of the iodine in the crystal is thrown about in a solid form, and iodine is corrosive. It leaves nasty, ugly, permanent brownish-purple stains on whatever it contacts. Iodine gas is also bad news, since it can damage lungs, and it settles to the ground and stains things there also. Touching iodine leaves brown stains on the skin that last for about a week, unless they are immediately and vigorously washed off. While such a compound would have little use to a serious terrorist, a vandal could utilize them in damaging property. Or, a terrorist could throw several of them into a crowd as a distraction, an action which would possibly injure a few people, but frighten almost anyone, since a small crystal that not be seen when thrown produces a rather loud explosion. Ammonium triiodide crystals could be produced in the following manner: Materials Equipment ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ iodine crystals funnel and filter paper paper towels clear ammonia (ammonium hydroxide, two throw-away glass jars for the suicidal) 1) Place about two teaspoons of iodine into one of the glass jars. The jars must both be throw away because they will never be clean again. 2) Add enough ammonia to completely cover the iodine. 3) Place the funnel into the other jar, and put the filter paper in the funnel. The technique for putting filter paper in a funnel is taught in every basic chemistry lab class: fold the circular paper in half, so that a semi-circle is formed. Then, fold it in half again to form a triangle with one curved side. Pull one thickness of paper out to form a cone, and place the cone into the funnel. 4) After allowing the iodine to soak in the ammonia for a while, pour the solution into the paper in the funnel through the filter paper. 5) While the solution is being filtered, put more ammonia into the first jar to wash any remaining crystals into the funnel as soon as it drains. 6) Collect all the purplish crystals without touching the brown filter paper, and place them on the paper towels to dry for about an hour. Make sure that they are not too close to any lights or other sources of heat, as they could well detonate. While they are still wet, divide the wet material into about eight chunks. 7) After they dry, gently place the crystals onto a one square inch piece of duct tape. Cover it with a similar piece, and gently press the duct tape together around the crystal, making sure not to press the crystal itself. Finally, cut away most of the excess duct tape with a pair of scissors, and store the crystals in a cool dry safe place. They have a shelf life of about a week, and they should be stored in individual containers that can be thrown away, since they have a tendency to slowly decompose, a process which gives off iodine vapors, which will stain whatever they settle on. One possible way to increase their shelf life is to store them in airtight containers. To use them, simply throw them against any surface or place them where they will be stepped on or crushed. 2.212 MERCURY FULMINATE Mercury fulminate is perhaps one of the oldest known initiating compounds. It can be detonated by either heat or shock, which would make it of infinite value to a terrorist. Even the action of dropping a crystal of the fulminate causes it to explode. A person making this material would probably use the following procedure: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ mercury (5 g) glass stirring rod concentrated nitric 100 ml beaker (2) acid (35 ml) adjustable heat ethyl alcohol (30 ml) source distilled water blue litmus paper funnel and filter paper 1) In one beaker, mix 5 g of mercury with 35 ml of concentrated nitric acid, using the glass rod. 2) Slowly heat the mixture until the mercury is dissolved, which is when the solution turns green and boils. 3) Place 30 ml of ethyl alcohol into the second beaker, and slowly and carefully add all of the contents of the first beaker to it. Red and/or brown fumes should appear. These fumes are toxic and flammable. 4) After thirty to forty minutes, the fumes should turn white, indicating that the reaction is near completion. After ten more minutes, add 30 ml of the distilled water to the solution. 5) Carefully filter out the crystals of mercury fulminate from the liquid solution. Dispose of the solution in a safe place, as it is corrosive and toxic. 6) Wash the crystals several times in distilled water to remove as much excess acid as possible. Test the crystals with the litmus paper until they are neutral. This will be when the litmus paper stays blue when it touches the wet crystals 7) Allow the crystals to dry, and store them in a safe place, far away from any explosive or flammable material. This procedure can also be done by volume, if the available mercury cannot be weighed. Simply use 10 volumes of nitric acid and 10 volumes of ethanol to every one volume of mercury. 2.213 NITROGLYCERINE Nitroglycerine is one of the most sensitive explosives, if it is not the most sensitive. Although it is possible to make it safely, it is difficult. Many a young anarchist has been killed or seriously injured while trying to make the stuff. When Nobel's factories make it, many people were killed by the all- to-frequent factory explosions. Usually, as soon as it is made, it is converted into a safer substance, such as dynamite. An idiot who attempts to make nitroglycerine would use the following procedure: MATERIAL EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ distilled water eye-dropper table salt 100 ml beaker sodium bicarbonate 200-300 ml beakers (2) concentrated nitric ice bath container acid (13 ml) ( a plastic bucket serves well ) concentrated sulfuric centigrade thermometer acid (39 ml) blue litmus paper glycerine 1) Place 150 ml of distilled water into one of the 200-300 ml beakers. 2) In the other 200-300 ml beaker, place 150 ml of distilled water and about a spoonful of sodium bicarbonate, and stir them until the sodium bicarbonate dissolves. Do not put so much sodium bicarbonate in the water so that some remains undissolved. 3) Create an ice bath by half filling the ice bath container with ice, and adding table salt. This will cause the ice to melt, lowering the overall temperature. 4) Place the 100 ml beaker into the ice bath, and pour the 13 ml of concentrated nitric acid into the 100 ml beaker. Be sure that the beaker will not spill into the ice bath, and that the ice bath will not overflow into the beaker when more materials are added to it. Be sure to have a large enough ice bath container to add more ice. Bring the temperature of the acid down to about 20 degrees centigrade or less. 5) When the nitric acid is as cold as stated above, slowly and carefully add the 39 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to the nitric acid. Mix the two acids together, and cool the mixed acids to 10 degrees centigrade. It is a good idea to start another ice bath to do this. 6) With the eyedropper, slowly put the glycerine into the mixed acids, one drop at a time. Hold the thermometer along the top of the mixture where the mixed acids and glycerine meet. DO NOT ALLOW THE TEMPERATURE TO GET ABOVE 30 DEGREES CENTIGRADE; IF THE TEMPERATURE RISES ABOVE THIS TEMPERATURE, RUN LIKE HELL!!! The glycerine will start to nitrate immediately, and the temperature will immediately begin to rise. Add glycerine until there is a thin layer of glycerine on top of the mixed acids. It is always safest to make any explosive in small quantities. 7) Stir the mixed acids and glycerine for the first ten minutes of nitration, adding ice and salt to the ice bath to keep the temperature of the solution in the 100 ml beaker well below 30 degrees centigrade. Usually, the nitroglycerine will form on the top of the mixed acid solution, and the concentrated sulfuric acid will absorb the water produced by the reaction. 8) When the reaction is over, and when the nitroglycerine is well below 30 degrees centigrade, slowly and carefully pour the solution of nitroglycerine and mixed acid into the distilled water in the beaker in step 1. The nitroglycerine should settle to the bottom of the beaker, and the water-acid solution on top can be poured off and disposed of. Drain as much of the acid- water solution as possible without disturbing the nitroglycerine. 9) Carefully remove the nitroglycerine with a clean eye-dropper, and place it into the beaker in step 2. The sodium bicarbonate solution will eliminate much of the acid, which will make the nitroglycerine more stable, and less likely to explode for no reason, which it can do. Test the nitroglycerine with the litmus paper until the litmus stays blue. Repeat this step if necessary, and use new sodium bicarbonate solutions as in step 2. 10) When the nitroglycerine is as acid-free as possible, store it in a clean container in a safe place. The best place to store nitroglycerine is far away from anything living, or from anything of any value. Nitroglycerine can explode for no apparent reason, even if it is stored in a secure cool place. 2.214 PICRATES Although the procedure for the production of picric acid, or trinitrophenol has not yet been given, its salts are described first, since they are extremely sensitive, and detonate on impact. By mixing picric acid with metal hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, and evaporating the water, metal picrates can be formed. Simply obtain picric acid, or produce it, and mix it with a solution of (preferably) potassium hydroxide, of a mid range molarity. (about 6-9 M) This material, potassium picrate, is impact-sensitive, and can be used as an initiator for any type of high explosive. 2.22 LOW-ORDER EXPLOSIVES There are many low-order explosives that can be purchased in gun stores and used in explosive devices. However, it is possible that a wise wise store owner would not sell these substances to a suspicious-looking individual. Such an individual would then be forced to resort to making his own low-order explosives. 2.221 BLACK POWDER First made by the Chinese for use in fireworks, black powder was first used in weapons and explosives in the 12th century. It is very simple to make, but it is not very powerful or safe. Only about 50% of black powder is converted to hot gasses when it is burned; the other half is mostly very fine burned particles. Black powder has one major problem: it can be ignited by static electricity. This is very bad, and it means that the material must be made with wooden or clay tools. Anyway, a misguided individual could manufacture black powder at home with the following procedure: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ potassium clay grinding bowl nitrate (75 g) and clay grinder or or sodium wooden salad bowl nitrate (75 g) and wooden spoon sulfur (10 g) plastic bags (3) charcoal (15 g) 300-500 ml beaker (1) distilled water coffee pot or heat source 1) Place a small amount of the potassium or sodium nitrate in the grinding bowl and grind it to a very fine powder. Do this to all of the potassium or sodium nitrate, and store the ground powder in one of the plastic bags. 2) Do the same thing to the sulfur and charcoal, storing each chemical in a separate plastic bag. 3) Place all of the finely ground potassium or sodium nitrate in the beaker, and add just enough boiling water to the chemical to get it all wet. 4) Add the contents of the other plastic bags to the wet potassium or sodium nitrate, and mix them well for several minutes. Do this until there is no more visible sulfur or charcoal, or until the mixture is universally black. 5) On a warm sunny day, put the beaker outside in the direct sunlight. Sunlight is really the best way to dry black powder, since it is never too hot, but it is hot enough to evaporate the water. 6) Scrape the black powder out of the beaker, and store it in a safe container. Plastic is really the safest container, followed by paper. Never store black powder in a plastic bag, since plastic bags are prone to generate static electricity. 2.2211 BLACK POWDER:GRANDPAS RECIPE TEXT BY, EL PIRATA' IF YA WANT TO MAKE SOME LOW EXPLOSIVE BOMBS THEN YOU PICKED THE RIGHT CHOICE! FIRST OF ALL, THIS RECIPE WILL SHOW HOW TO MAKE BLACK POWDER IN A SIMPLE AND SAFE MANNER YET HAVE THE POWER TO MAKE SOME STRONG LOW EXPLOSIVE BOMBS. NOTE: THE BELOW AMOUNTS WILL YIELD TWO POUNDS (THAT'S 900 GRAMS FOR YOU METRIC USERS) OF BLACK POWDER. HOWEVER, ONLY THE RATIOS OF THE AMOUNTS OF INGREDIENTS ARE IMPORTANT. THUS, FOR TWICE AS MUCH BLACK POWDER, DOUBLE ALL QUANTITIES USED. MATERIAL REQUIRED large wooden stick cloth, 2 ft. sq. flat window screening, 1 ft. sq. heat source water, 3 cups alcohol, 5 pints (any kind) sulfer, powdered, 1/2 cup (flowers wood charcoal, powdered, 2 cups of sulfer, at a drug store) potassium nitrate, granulatd, 3 cups 2 buckets, both 2 gallon, one must (saltpeter, at drug stores) be heat resistant PROCEDURE: 1. PLACE ALCOHOL IN ONE OF THE BUCKETS. 2. PLACE POTASSIUM NITRATE, CHARCOAL, AND SULFUR IN THE HEAT RESISTANT BUCKET. ADD 1 CUP WATER AND MIX THOROUGHLY WITH WOODEN STICK UNTIL ALL INGREDIENTS ARE DISSOLVED. 3. ADD REMAINING WATER (2 CUPS) TO MIXTURE. PLACE BUCKET ON HEAT SOURCE AND STIR UNTIL SMALL BUBBLES BEGIN TO FORM. CAUTION: DO NOT BOIL MIXTURE. BE SURE ALL MIXTURE STAYS WET. IF ANY IS DRY, AS ON SIDES OF PAN, IT MAY IGNITE. 4. REMOVE BUCKET FROM HEAT AND POUR MIXTURE INTO ALCOHOL WHILE STIRRING VIGOROUSLY. 5. LET ALCOHOL MIXTURE STAND ABOUT 5 MINUTES. STRAIN MIXTURE THROUGH CLOTH TO OBTAIN BLACK POWDER. DISCARD LIQUID. WRAP CLOTH AROUND BLACK POWDER AND SQUEEZE TO REMOVE ALL EXCESS LIQUID. 6. PLACE SCREENING OVER DRY BUCKET. PLACE WORKABLE AMOUNT OF DAMP POWDER ON SCREEN AND GRANULATE BY RUBBING SOLID THROUGH SCREEN. NOTE: IF GRANULATED PARTICLES APPEAR TO STICK TOGETHER AND CHANGE SHAPE, RECOMBINE ENTIRE BATCH OF POWDER AND REPEAT STEPS 5 AND 6. 7. SPREAD GRANULATED BLACK POWDER ON FLAT DRY SURFACE SO THAT LAYER ABOUT 1/2 INCH IS FORMED. ALLOW TO DRY. USE RADIATOR, OR DIRECT SUNLIGHT. THIS SHOULD BE DRIED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, PREFERABLY IN ONE HOUR. THE LONGER THE DRYING PERIOD, THE LESS EFFECTIVE THE BLACK POWDER. CAUTION: REMOVE FROM HEAT AS SOON AS GRANULES ARE DRY. BLACK POWDER IS NOW READY FOR USE! 2.222 NITROCELLULOSE Nitrocellulose is usually called "gunpowder" or "guncotton". It is more stable than black powder, and it produces a much greater volume of hot gas. It also burns much faster than black powder when it is in a confined space. Finally, nitrocellulose is fairly easy to make, as outlined by the following procedure: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ cotton (cellulose) two (2) 200-300 ml beakers concentrated funnel and filter paper nitric acid blue litmus paper concentrated sulfuric acid distilled water 1) Pour 10 cc of concentrated sulfuric acid into the beaker. Add to this 10 cc of concentrated nitric acid. 2) Immediately add 0.5 gm of cotton, and allow it to soak for exactly 3 minutes. 3) Remove the nitrocotton, and transfer it to a beaker of distilled water to wash it in. 4) Allow the material to dry, and then re-wash it. 5) After the cotton is neutral when tested with litmus paper, it is ready to be dried and stored. Addendum 4/12/91... true experience From andrew at cmu.edu (internet) > I used to make nitrocellulose, though. It was not guncotton grade, because I >didn't have oleum (H2SO4 with dissolved SO3); nevertheless it worked. At >first I got my H2SO4 from a little shop in downtown Philadelphia, which sold >soda-acid fire extinguisher refills. Not only was the acid concentrated, >cheap and plentiful, it came with enough carbonate to clean up. I'd add KNO3 >and a little water (OK, I'd add the acid to the water - but there was so >little water, what was added to what made little difference. It spattered >concentrated H2SO4 either way). Later on, when I could purchase the acids, I >believe I used 3 parts H2SO4 to 1 part HNO3. For cotton, I'd use cotton wool >or cotton cloth. > >Runaway nitration was commonplace, but it is usually not so disasterous with >nitrocellulose as it is with nitroglycerine. For some reason, I tried washing >the cotton cloth in a solution of lye, and rinsing it well in distilled >water. I let the cloth dry and then nitrated it. (Did I read this somewhere?) >When that product was nitrated, I never got a runaway reaction. BTW, water >quenched the runaway reaction of cellulose. > >The product was washed thoroughly and allowed to dry. It dissolved (or turned >into mush) in acetone. It dissolved in alcohol/ether. > >Warnings: > >All usual warnings regarding strong acids apply. H2SO4 likes to spatter. When >it falls on the skin, it destroys tissue - often painfully. It dissolves all >manner of clothing. Nitric also destroys skin, turning it bright yellow in >the process. Nitric is an oxidant - it can start fires. Both agents will >happily blind you if you get them in your eyes. Other warnings also apply. >Not for the novice. > > Nitrocellulose decomposes very slowly on storage. The decomposition is auto- >catalyzing, and can result in spontaneous explosion if the material is kept >confined over time. The process is much faster if the material is not washed >well enough. Nitrocellulose powders contain stabilizers such as diphenyl >amine or ethyl centralite. DO NOT ALLOW THESE TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH >NITRIC ACID!!!! A small amount of either substance will capture the small >amounts of nitrogen oxides that result from decomposition. They therefore >inhibit the autocatalysis. NC eventually will decompose in any case. > >Again, this is inherently dangerous and illegal in certain areas. I got away >with it. You may kill yourself and others if you try it. > > -Larry Commercially produced Nitrocellulose is stabilized by: 1. Spinning it in a large centrifuge to remove the remaining acid, which is recycled. 2. Immersion in a large quantity of fresh water. 3. Boiling it in acidulated water and washing it thoroughly with fresh water. If the NC is to be used as smokeless powder it is boiled in a soda solution, then rinsed in fresh water. The purer the acid used (lower water content) the more complete the nitration will be, and the more powerful the nitrocellulose produced. There are actually three forms of cellulose nitrate, only one of which is useful for pyrotechnic purposes. The mononitrate and dinitrate are not explosive, and are produced by incomplete nitration. If nitration is allowed to proceed to complete the explosive trinatrate is formed. CH OH CH ONO | 2 | 2 2 | | C-----O HNO C-----O /H \ 3 /H \ -CH CH-O- --> -CH CH-O- \H H/ H SO \H H/ C-----C 2 4 C-----C | | | | OH OH ONO ONO 2 2 CELLULOSE CELLULOSE TRINITRATE *End Addendum 2.223 FUEL-OXODIZER MIXTURES There are nearly an infinite number of fuel-oxodizer mixtures that can be produced by a misguided individual in his own home. Some are very effective and dangerous, while others are safer and less effective. A list of working fuel- oxodizer mixtures will be presented, but the exact measurements of each compound are debatable for maximum effectiveness. A rough estimate will be given of the percentages of each fuel and oxodizer: oxodizer, % by weight fuel, % by weight speed # notes ================================================================================ potassium chlorate 67% sulfur 33% 5 friction/impact sensitive; unstable potassium chlorate 50% sugar 35% 5 fairly slow burning; charcoal 15% unstable potassium chlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 extremely magnesium or unstable! aluminum dust 25% potassium chlorate 67% magnesium or 8 unstable aluminum dust 33% sodium nitrate 65% magnesium dust 30% ? unpredictable sulfur 5% burn rate potassium permanganate 60% glycerine 40% 4 delay before ignition depends WARNING: IGNITES SPONTANEOUSLY WITH GLYCERINE!!! upon grain size potassium permanganate 67% sulfur 33% 5 unstable potassium permangenate 60% sulfur 20% 5 unstable magnesium or aluminum dust 20% potassium permanganate 50% sugar 50% 3 ? potassium nitrate 75% charcoal 15% 7 this is sulfur 10% black powder! potassium nitrate 60% powdered iron 1 burns very hot or magnesium 40% Oxidizer, % by weight fuel, % by weight speed # notes ================================================================================ potassium chlorate 75% phosphorus 8 used to make strike- sesquisulfide 25% anywhere matches ammonium perchlorate 70% aluminum dust 30% 6 solid fuel for and small amount of space shuttle iron oxide potassium perchlorate 67% magnesium or 10 flash powder (sodium perchlorate) aluminum dust 33% potassium perchlorate 60% magnesium or 8 alternate (sodium perchlorate) aluminum dust 20% flash powder sulfur 20% barium nitrate 30% aluminum dust 30% 9 alternate potassium perchlorate 30% flash powder barium peroxide 90% magnesium dust 5% 10 alternate aluminum dust 5% flash powder potassium perchlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 slightly magnesium or unstable aluminum dust 25% potassium chlorate 67% red phosphorus 27% 7 very unstable calcium carbonate 3% sulfur 3% impact sensitive potassium permanganate 50% powdered sugar 25% 7 unstable; aluminum or ignites if magnesium dust 25% it gets wet! potassium chlorate 75% charcoal dust 15% 6 unstable sulfur 10% ================================================================================ NOTE: Mixtures that uses substitutions of sodium perchlorate for potassium perchlorate become moisture-absorbent and less stable. The higher the speed number, the faster the fuel-oxodizer mixture burns AFTER ignition. Also, as a rule, the finer the powder, the faster the rate of burning. As one can easily see, there is a wide variety of fuel-oxodizer mixtures that can be made at home. By altering the amounts of fuel and oxodizer(s), different burn rates can be achieved, but this also can change the sensitivity of the mixture. 2.224 PERCHLORATES As a rule, any oxidizable material that is treated with perchloric acid will become a low order explosive. Metals, however, such as potassium or sodium, become excellent bases for flash-type powders. Some materials that can be perchlorated are cotton, paper, and sawdust. To produce potassium or sodium perchlorate, simply acquire the hydroxide of that metal, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is a good idea to test the material to be treated with a very small amount of acid, since some of the materials tend to react explosively when contacted by the acid. Solutions of sodium or potassium hydroxide are ideal. 2.225 "RED OR WHITE POWDER" PROPELLANT Red or White Powder" Propellant may be preppared in a simple, safe manner. The formulation described below will result in approxi- mately 2-1/2 pounds of powder. This is a small arms propellant and should only be used in weapons with 1/2 in. inside diameter or less, such as the Match Gun or the 7.62 Carbine, but not pistols. MATERIAL REQUIRED: ----------------- Heat source (Kitchen stove or open fire) 2 gallon metal bucket Measuring cup (8 ounces) Wooden spoon or rubber spatula Metal sheet or aluminium foil (at least 18 in. sq) Flat window screen (at least 1 ft. sq.) Potassium nitrate (granulated) 2-1/3 cups White sugar (granulated) 2 cups Powdered ferric oxide (rust) 1/8 cup (if available) Clear water, 3-1/2 cups PROCEDURE: --------- 1. Place the sugar,potassium nitrate, and water in the bucket. Heat with a low flame, stirring occasionally until the sugar and potassium nitrate dissolve. 2. If available, add the ferric oxide (rust) to the solution. Increase the flame under the mixture until it boils gently. NOTE: The mixturewill retain the rust coloration. 3. Stir and scrape the bucket sides occasionally until the mixture is reduced to one quarter of its original volume, then stir continuosly. 4. As the water evaporates, the mixture will become thicker until it reaches the consistency of cooked breakfast cereal or homemade fudge. At this stage of thickness, remove the bucket from the heat source, and spread the mass on the metal sheet. 5. While the material cools, scoreit with the spoon or spatulain in crisscrossed furrows about 1 inch apart. 6. Allow the material to air dry, preferably in the sun. As it dries, rescore it occasionally (about every 20 minutes) to aid drying. 7. When the material has dried to a point where it is moist and soft but not sticky to the touch, place a small spoonful on the screen. Rub the material back and forth against the screen mash with spoon or other flat object until the material is granulated into small worm- like particles. 8. After granulation, return the material to the sun to dry completely. 2.226 ACETONE PEROXIDE EXPLOSIVE _______________________________________________________________________________ | | | Acetone Peroxide Explosive | | | | Brought to you by - | | | | Jack The Ripper | | | |_____________________________________________________________________________| This explosive can not only be used as an explosive, but also as a detonater. I will go into this one very detailed. -=-=-=-=-=- -MATERIALS- -=-=-=-=-=- Name Source ---- ------ Hydrogen Peroxide Hair Bleach, Drug Stores and Hair supply Stores Acetone Hardware Stores and Drug Stores Sulfuric Acid Clear battery acid boiled until white fumes appear. Eye Dropper or Syringe w/ glass tube Graduated Cylinder (cc or ml) Thermometer (0 to 100 degrees C) Glass Containers Large Pan Ice and Salt Water Paper Towels All the above can easily be commandeered from your school laboratory for your own purposes. -=-=-=-=-=- -PROCEDURE- -=-=-=-=-=- 1) Mix 30 ml of Acetone and 50ml of Hydrogen Peroxide into a glass container and mix thoroughly. 2) Cool it by plaicing it in a larger container containing ice, salt, and water. Now cool it to 5 degrees Celcius. 3) Add 2.5 ml of concentrated ulfuric acid to the mixture slowly (drop by drop w/ the eye dropper). Stir the mixture w/the thermometer keeping the the temperature between 5-10 degrees celcius. If the temperature rises don't shit just stop adding the sulfuric acid until it cools down then start adding it again. 4) Now that you got all the acid into the mixture continue stirring for another 5 minutes. 5) Now let the mixture stand for 12 to 24 hours in the ice/salt bath. 6) After 12 hours the crystals of acetone peroxide will precipitate out of the once clear solution. Precipitation should be done after 24 hours. 7) Now filter out the crystals through a paper towel attached to a jar with a rubber band. Then after that wash the crystals by pouring ice cold water over them, letting the water rinse the crystals and filter down through the paper towel into the jar. 8) Select a container and allow them to dry. -=-=-=- -USES!- -=-=-=- Now this can be used as an explosive however it is the simplest detonater that I have ever encountered. It works best in 2.5 inch lengths of brass tubing with one end sealed. The only drawback is that it must be used quickly as Acetone Peroxide deteriorates quickly. I have found that keeping it refrigerated seems to make it last longer however for optimum effects it should be used 7 days after manufacture at the latest. It also can be used to detonate almost every Ammonium Nitrate compound, and Ammonium Nitrate itself for that matter. Later... Jack The Ripper 2.23 HIGH-ORDER EXPLOSIVES High order explosives can be made in the home without too much difficulty. The main problem is acquiring the nitric acid to produce the high explosive. Most high explosives detonate because their molecular structure is made up of some fuel and usually three or more NO2 ( nitrogen dioxide ) molecules. T.N.T., or Tri-Nitro-Toluene is an excellent example of such a material. When a shock wave passes through an molecule of T.N.T., the nitrogen dioxide bond is broken, and the oxygen combines with the fuel, all in a matter of microseconds. This accounts for the great power of nitrogen-based explosives. Remembering that these procedures are NEVER TO BE CARRIED OUT, several methods of manufacturing high-order explosives in the home are listed. 2.231 R.D.X. R.D.X., also called cyclonite, or composition C-1 (when mixed with plasticisers) is one of the most valuable of all military explosives. This is because it has more than 150% of the power of T.N.T., and is much easier to detonate. It should not be used alone, since it can be set off by a not-too severe shock. It is less sensitive than mercury fulminate, or nitroglycerine, but it is still too sensitive to be used alone. R.D.X. can be made by the surprisingly simple method outlined hereafter. It is much easier to make in the home than all other high explosives, with the possible exception of ammonium nitrate. MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ hexamine 500 ml beaker or methenamine glass stirring rod fuel tablets (50 g) funnel and filter paper concentrated nitric acid (550 ml) ice bath container (plastic bucket) distilled water centigrade thermometer table salt blue litmus paper ice ammonium nitrate 1) Place the beaker in the ice bath, (see section 3.13, steps 3-4) and carefully pour 550 ml of concentrated nitric acid into the beaker. 2) When the acid has cooled to below 20 degrees centigrade, add small amounts of the crushed fuel tablets to the beaker. The temperature will rise, and it must be kept below 30 degrees centigrade, or dire consequences could result. Stir the mixture. 3) Drop the temperature below zero degrees centigrade, either by adding more ice and salt to the old ice bath, or by creating a new ice bath. Or, ammonium nitrate could be added to the old ice bath, since it becomes cold when it is put in water. Continue stirring the mixture, keeping the temperature below zero degrees centigrade for at least twenty minutes 4) Pour the mixture into a litre of crushed ice. Shake and stir the mixture, and allow it to melt. Once it has melted, filter out the crystals, and dispose of the corrosive liquid. 5) Place the crystals into one half a litre of boiling distilled water. Filter the crystals, and test them with the blue litmus paper. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the litmus paper remains blue. This will make the crystals more stable and safe. 6) Store the crystals wet until ready for use. Allow them to dry completely using them. R.D.X. is not stable enough to use alone as an explosive. 7) Composition C-1 can be made by mixing 88.3% R.D.X. (by weight) with 11.1% mineral oil, and 0.6% lecithin. Kneed these material together in a plastic bag. This is a good way to desensitize the explosive. 8) H.M.X. is a mixture of T.N.T. and R.D.X.; the ratio is 50/50, by weight. it is not as sensitive, and is almost as powerful as straight R.D.X. 9) By adding ammonium nitrate to the crystals of R.D.X. after step 5, it should be possible to desensitize the R.D.X. and increase its power, since ammonium nitrate is very insensitive and powerful. Soduim or potassium nitrate could also be added; a small quantity is sufficient to stabilize the R.D.X. 10) R.D.X. detonates at a rate of 8550 meters/second when it is compressed to a density of 1.55 g/cubic cm. 2.232 AMMONIUM NITRATE Ammonium nitrate could be made by a terrorist according to the hap-hazard method in section 2.33, or it could be stolen from a construction site, since it is usually used in blasting, because it is very stable and insensitive to shock and heat. A terrorist could also buy several Instant Cold-Paks from a drug store or medical supply store. The major disadvantage with ammonium nitrate, from a terrorist's point of view, would be detonating it. A rather powerful priming charge must be used, and usually with a booster charge. The diagram below will explain. _________________________________________ | | | ________| | | | | T.N.T.| ammonium nitrate | |primer |booster| | |_______| | | | | | |_______|_______________________________| The primer explodes, detonating the T.N.T., which detonates, sending a tremendous shockwave through the ammonium nitrate, detonating it. 2.233 ANFOS ANFO is an acronym for Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil Solution. An ANFO solves the only other major problem with ammonium nitrate: its tendency to pick up water vapor from the air. This results in the explosive failing to detonate when such an attempt is made. This is rectified by mixing 94% (by weight) ammonium nitrate with 6% fuel oil, or kerosene. The kerosene keeps the ammonium nitrate from absorbing moisture from the air. An ANFO also requires a large shockwave to set it off. * Addendum From hayes.ims.alaska.edu (internet) > > Lately there was been a lot said about various ANFO mixtures. These are >mixtures of Ammonium Nitrate with Fuel Oil. This forms a reasonably powerful >commercial explosive, with its primary benifit being the fact that it is >cheap. Bulk ANFO should run somewhere around 9-12 cents the pound. This is >dirt cheap compared to 40% nitro gel dynamites at 1 to 2 dollars the pound. >To keep the cost down, it is frequently mixed at the borehole by a bulk >truck, which has a pneumatic delivery hopper of AN prills (thats pellets to >most of the world) and a tank of fuel oil. It is strongly recommended that a >dye of some sort, preferably red be added to the fuel oil to make it easier >to distinguish treated AN explosive from untreated oxidizer. > > ANFO is not without its problems. To begin with, it is not that sensitive >to detonation. Number eight caps are not reliable when used with ANFO. >Booster charges must be used to avoid dud blast holes. Common boosters >include sticks of various dynamites, small pours of water gel explosives, >dupont's detaprime cast boosters, and Atlas's power primer cast explosive. >The need to use boosters raises the cost. Secondly, ANFO is very water >susceptable. It dissolves in it, or absorbes it from the atmosphere, and >becomes quite worthless real quick. It must be protected from water with >borehole liners, and still must be shot real quick. Third, ANFO has a low >density, somewhere around .85. This means ANFO sacks float, which is no >good, and additionally, the low density means the power is somewhat low. >Generally, the more weight of explosive one can place in a hole, the more >effective. ANFO blown into the hole with a pneumatic system fractures as it >is places, raising the density to about .9 or .92. The delivery system adds >to the cost, and must be anti static in nature. Aluminum is added to some >commercial, cartridge packaged ANFOs to raise the density---this also raises >power considerable, and a few of these mixtures are reliablly cap sensitive. > > Now than, for formulations. An earlier article mentioned 2.5 kilos of >ammonium nitrate, and I believe 5 to 6 liters of diesel. This mixture is >extremely over fueled, and I'd be surprised if it worked. Dupont recommends >a AN to FO ratio of 93% AN to 7% FO by weight. Hardly any oil at all. More >oil makes the mixture less explosive by absorbing detonation energy, and >excess fuel makes detonation byproducts health hazzards as the mixture is >oxygen poor. Note that commercial fertilizer products do not work as well as >the porous AN prills dupont sells, because fertilizers are coated with >various materials meant to seal them from moisture, which keep the oil from >being absorbed. > Another problem with ANFO: for reliable detonation, it needs confinement, >either from a casing, borehole, etc, or from the mass of the charge. Thus, >a pile of the stuff with a booster in it is likely to scatter and burn rather >than explode when the booster is shot. In boreholes, or reasonable strong >casings (cardboard, or heavy plastic film sacks) the stuff detonated quite >well. So will big piles. Thats how the explosive potential was discovered: >a small oil freighter rammed a bulk chemical ship. Over several hours the >cargoes intermixed to some degree, and reached critical mass. Real big >bang. A useful way to obtain the containment needed is to replace the fuel >oil with a wax fuel. Mix the AN with just enough melted wax to form a >cohesive mixture, mold into shape. The wax fuels, and retains the mixture. >This is what the US military uses as a man placed cratering charge. The >military literature states this can be set off by a blasting cap, but it >is important to remember the military blasting caps are considerable more >powerful than commercial ones. The military rightly insists on reliability, >and thus a strong cap (maybe 70-80 percent stronger than commercial). They >also tend to go overboard when calculating demolition charges...., but then >hey, who doesn't.... > > Two manuals of interest: Duponts "Blaster's Handbook", a $20 manual >mainly useful for rock and seismographic operations. Atlas's "Powder Manual" >or "Manual of Rock Blasting" (I forget the title, its in the office). This >is a $60 book, well worth the cash, dealing with the above two topics, plus >demolitions, and non-quarry blasting. > > Incidently, combining fuel oil and ammonium nitrate constitutes the >manufacture of a high explosive, and requires a federal permit to manufacture >and store. Even the mines that mix it on site require the permit to >manufacture. Those who don't manufacture only need permits to store. Those >who don't store need no permits, which includes most of us: anyone, at least >in the US may purchase explosives, provided they are 21 or older, and have no >criminal record. Note they ought to be used immediately, because you do need >a liscence to store. Note also that commercial explosives contain quantities >of tracing agents, which make it real easy for the FBI to trace the explosion >to the purchaser, so please, nobody blow up any banks, orphanages, or old >folks homes, okay. > > Dean Syta, Civil Engineer at large. *End Addendum 2.234 T.N.T. T.N.T., or Tri-Nitro-Toluene, is perhaps the second oldest known high explosive. Dynamite, of course, was the first. It is certainly the best known high explosive, since it has been popularized by early morning cartoons. It is the standard for comparing other explosives to, since it is the most well known. In industry, a T.N.T. is made by a three step nitration process that is designed to conserve the nitric and sulfuric acids which are used to make the product. A terrorist, however, would probably opt for the less economical one step method. The one step process is performed by treating toluene with very strong (fuming) sulfuric acid. Then, the sulfated toluene is treated with very strong (fuming) nitric acid in an ice bath. Cold water is added the solution, and it is filtered. 2.2341 T.N.T. II By THE SCREAMER Probably the most important explosive compond in use today is TNT (trinitrotoluene). This and other very similar types of high explosives ar all used by the military, because of their fantastic power- about 2.25 millions pounds per square inch, and there great stability. TNT also has the great advantage of being ableto be melted at 82 degrees F., so that it can be poured into shells, mortars, or any other projectiles. Military TNT comes in containers which resemble dryu cell batteries, and are usually ingnited by an electrical charge, coupled with an electical blasting cap, although there are other methods. Preparation of TNT 1. Take two beakers. In the first prepare a solution of 76 percent sulfuric acid, 23 percent nitric acid and 1 percent water. In the other beaker, prepare another solution of 57 percent nitric acid and 43 percent sulfuric acid (percentages are on a weig ht ratio rather than volume). 2. Ten grams of the first solutions are poured into an empty beaker and placed in an ice bath. 3. Add ten grams of toluene, and stir for several minutes. 4. remove this beaker from the ice bath and gently heat until it reaches 50 degrees C. The solution is stirred constantly while being heated. 5. Fifty additional grams of the acid, from the first beaker, are added and the temperature is held for the next ten minutes, and an oily liquid will begin to form on the top of the acid. 6. After 10 or 12 minutes, the acid solution is returned to the ice bath, and cooled to 45 degrees C. when reaching this temperature, the oily liquid will sink and collect at the bottom of the beaker. At this point, the remaining acid solution should be drawn off, by using a syringe. 7. Fifty more grams of the first acid solution are added to the oily liquid while the temperature is SLOWLY being raised to 83 degrees C. After this temperature is reached, it is maintaind for a full half hour. 8. At the end of this period, he solution is allowed to cool to 60 degrees C>, and is held at this temperature for another full half hour. After this, the acid is again drawn off, leaving once more only the oily liquid at the bottom. 9. Thirty grams of sulfuric acid are added, while the oily liquid is gently heated to 80 degrees C. All temperature increases must be accoumplished slowly and gently. 10.Once the desired temperature is reached, 30 grams of the second acid solution are added, and the temperature is raised from 80 dgregrees C> to 104 degrees C., and is held for three hours. 11.After this three hour period, the mixture is lowered to 100 degrees C. and held there for a half hour. 12.After this half hour, the oil is removed form the acid and washed with boiling water. 13.After the washing with boiling water, while being stired constantly, the TNT will begin to solidify. 14.When the solidification has started, cold water is added to the beaker, so that the TNT will form into pellets. Once this is done, you have a good quality TNT. NOTE: the temperatures used in the preparation of TNT are EXACT, and must be used as such. DO NOT estimate or use aproximations. Buy a good centigrade thermometer. The author take NO RESPONSIBILITY for any damage to persons or property for this formula. It is supplied for STUDY PURPOSES ONLY. 2.235 POTASSIUM CHLORATE Potassium chlorate itself cannot be made in the home, but it can be obtained from labs. If potassium chlorate is mixed with a small amount of vaseline, or other petroleum jelly, and a shockwave is passed through it, the material will detonate with slightly more power than black powder. It must, however, be confined to detonate it in this manner. The procedure for making such an explosive is outlined below: MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ potassium chlorate zip-lock plastic bag (9 parts, by volume) petroleum jelly clay grinding bowl (vaseline) or (1 part, by volume) wooden bowl and wooden spoon 1) Grind the potassium chlorate in the grinding bowl carefully and slowly, until the potassium chlorate is a very fine powder. The finer that it is powdered, the faster (better) it will detonate. 2) Place the powder into the plastic bag. Put the petroleum jelly into the plastic bag, getting as little on the sides of the bag as possible, i.e. put the vaseline on the potassium chlorate powder. 3) Close the bag, and kneed the materials together until none of the potassium chlorate is dry powder that does not stick to the main glob. If necessary, add a bit more petroleum jelly to the bag. 4) The material must me used within 24 hours, or the mixture will react to greatly reduce the effectiveness of the explosive. This reaction, however, is harmless, and releases no heat or dangerous products. 2.236 DYNAMITE The name dynamite comes from the Greek word "dynamis", meaning power. Dynamite was invented by Nobel shortly after he made nitroglycerine. It was made because nitroglycerine was so dangerously sensitive to shock. A misguided individual with some sanity would, after making nitroglycerine (an insane act) would immediately convert it to dynamite. This can be done by adding various materials to the nitroglycerine, such as sawdust. The sawdust holds a large weight of nitroglycerine per volume. Other materials, such as ammonium nitrate could be added, and they would tend to desensitize the explosive, and increase the power. But even these nitroglycerine compounds are not really safe. 2.237 NITROSTARCH EXPLOSIVES Nitrostarch explosives are simple to make, and are fairly powerful. All that need be done is treat various starches with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid is added to 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid. To this mixture is added 0.5 grams of starch. Cold water is added, and the apparently unchanged nitrostarch is filtered out. Nitrostarch explosives are of slightly lower power than T.N.T., but they are more readily detonated. 2.238 PICRIC ACID Picric acid, also known as Tri-Nitro-Phenol, or T.N.P., is a military explosive that is most often used as a booster charge to set off another less sensitive explosive, such as T.N.T. It another explosive that is fairly simple to make, assuming that one can acquire the concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. Its procedure for manufacture is given in many college chemistry lab manuals, and is easy to follow. The main problem with picric acid is its tendency to form dangerously sensitive and unstable picrate salts, such as potassium picrate. For this reason, it is usually made into a safer form, such as ammonium picrate, also called explosive D. A social deviant would probably use a formula similar to the one presented here to make picric acid. MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ phenol (9.5 g) 500 ml flask concentrated adjustable heat source sulfuric acid (12.5 ml) 1000 ml beaker concentrated nitric or other container acid (38 ml) suitable for boiling in distilled water filter paper and funnel glass stirring rod 1) Place 9.5 grams of phenol into the 500 ml flask, and carefully add 12.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid and stir the mixture. 2) Put 400 ml of tap water into the 1000 ml beaker or boiling container and bring the water to a gentle boil. 3) After warming the 500 ml flask under hot tap water, place it in the boiling water, and continue to stir the mixture of phenol and acid for about thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, take the flask out, and allow it to cool for about five minutes. 4) Pour out the boiling water used above, and after allowing the container to cool, use it to create an ice bath, similar to the one used in section 3.13, steps 3-4. Place the 500 ml flask with the mixed acid an phenol in the ice bath. Add 38 ml of concentrated nitric acid in small amounts, stirring the mixture constantly. A vigorous but "harmless" reaction should occur. When the mixture stops reacting vigorously, take the flask out of the ice bath. 5) Warm the ice bath container, if it is glass, and then begin boiling more tap water. Place the flask containing the mixture in the boiling water, and heat it in the boiling water for 1.5 to 2 hours. 6) Add 100 ml of cold distilled water to the solution, and chill it in an ice bath until it is cold. 7) Filter out the yellowish-white picric acid crystals by pouring the solution through the filter paper in the funnel. Collect the liquid and dispose of it in a safe place, since it is corrosive. 8) Wash out the 500 ml flask with distilled water, and put the contents of the filter paper in the flask. Add 300 ml of water, and shake vigorously. 9) Re-filter the crystals, and allow them to dry. 10) Store the crystals in a safe place in a glass container, since they will react with metal containers to produce picrates that could explode spontaneously. 2.239 AMMONIUM PICRATE Ammonium picrate, also called Explosive D, is another safety explosive. It requires a substantial shock to cause it to detonate, slightly less than that required to detonate ammonium nitrate. It is much safer than picric acid, since it has little tendency to form hazardous unstable salts when placed in metal containers. It is simple to make from picric acid and clear household ammonia. All that need be done is put the picric acid crystals into a glass container and dissolve them in a great quantity of hot water. Add clear household ammonia in excess, and allow the excess ammonia to evaporate. The powder remaining should be ammonium picrate. 2.2391 NITROGEN TRICHLORIDE Nitrogen trichloride, also known as chloride of azode, is an oily yellow liquid. It explodes violently when it is heated above 60 degrees celsius, or when it comes in contact with an open flame or spark. It is fairly simple to produce. 1) In a beaker, dissolve about 5 teaspoons of ammonium nitrate in water. Do not put so much ammonium nitrate into the solution that some of it remains undissolved in the bottom of the beaker. 2) Collect a quantity of chlorine gas in a second beaker by mixing hydrochloric acid with potassium permanganate in a large flask with a stopper and glass pipe. 3) Place the beaker containing the chlorine gas upside down on top of the beaker containing the ammonium nitrate solution, and tape the beakers together. Gently heat the bottom beaker. When this is done, oily yellow droplets will begin to form on the surface of the solution, and sink down to the bottom. At this time, remove the heat source immediately. Alternately, the chlorine can be bubbled through the ammonium nitrate solution, rather than collecting the gas in a beaker, but this requires timing and a stand to hold the beaker and test tube. The chlorine gas can also be mixed with anhydrous ammonia gas, by gently heating a flask filled with clear household ammonia. Place the glass tubes from the chlorine-generating flask and the tube from the ammonia-generating flask in another flask that contains water. 4) Collect the yellow droplets with an eyedropper, and use them immediately, since nitrogen trichloride decomposes in 24 hours. 2.2392 LEAD AZIDE Lead Azide is a material that is often used as a booster charge for other explosive, but it does well enough on its own as a fairly sensitive explosive. It does not detonate too easily by percussion or impact, but it is easily detonated by heat from an igniter wire, or a blasting cap. It is simple to produce, assuming that the necessary chemicals can be procured. By dissolving sodium azide and lead acetate in water in separate beakers, the two materials are put into an aqueous state. Mix the two beakers together, and apply a gentle heat. Add an excess of the lead acetate solution, until no reaction occurs, and the precipitate on the bottom of the beaker stops forming. Filter off the solution, and wash the precipitate in hot water. The precipitate is lead azide, and it must be stored wet for safety. If lead acetate cannot be found, simply acquire acetic acid, and put lead metal in it. Black powder bullets work well for this purpose. 2.2393 ASTROLITE By: Future Spy & The Fighting Falcon Note: Information on the Astrolite Explosives were taken from the book 'Two Component High Explosive Mixtures' By Desert Pub'l Some of the chemicals used are somewhat toxic, but who gives a fuck! Go ahead! I won't even bother mentioning 'This information is for enlightening purposes only'! I would love it if everyone made a gallon of astrolite and blew their fucking school to kingdom scum! Astrolite The astrolite family of liquid explosives were products of rocket propellant research in the '60's. Astrolite A-1-5 is supposed to be the world's most powerful non-nuclear explosive -at about 1.8 to 2 times more powerful than TNT. Being more powerful it is also safer to handle than TNT (not that it isn't safe in the first place) and Nitroglycerin. Astrolite G "Astrolite G is a clear liquid explosive especially designed to produce very high detonation velocity, 8,600MPS (meters/sec.), compared with 7,700MPS for nitroglycerin and 6,900MPS for TNT...In addition, a very unusual characteristic is that it the liquid explosive has the ability to be absorbed easily into the ground while remaining detonatable...In field tests, Astrolite G has remained detonatable for 4 days in the ground, even when the soil was soaked due to rainy weather" know what that means?....Astrolite Dynamite! To make (mix in fairly large container & outside) Two parts by weight of ammonium nitrate mixed with one part by weight 'anhydrous' hydrazine, produces Astrolite G...Simple enough eh? I'm sure that the 2:1 ratio is not perfect,and that if you screw around with it long enough, that you'll find a better formula. Also, dunno why the book says 'anhydrous' hydrazine, hydrazine is already anhydrous... Hydrazine is the chemical you'll probably have the hardest time getting hold of. Uses for Hydrazine are: Rocket fuel, agricultural chemicals (maleic hydra-zide), drugs (antibacterial and antihypertension), polymerization catalyst, plating metals on glass and plastics, solder fluxes, photographic developers, diving equipment. Hydrazine is also the chemical you should be careful with. Astrolite A/A-1-5 Mix 20% (weight) aluminum powder to the ammonium nitrate, and then mix with hydrazine. The aluminum powder should be 100 mesh or finer. Astrolite A has a detonation velocity of 7,800MPS. Misc. info You should be careful not to get any of the astrolite on you,if it happens though, you should flush the area with water. Astrolite A&G both should be able to be detonated by a #8 blasting cap. 2.24 OTHER "EXPLOSIVES" The remaining section covers the other types of materials that can be used to destroy property by fire. Although none of the materials presented here are explosives, they still produce explosive-style results. 2.241 THERMITE Thermite is a fuel-oxodizer mixture that is used to generate tremendous amounts of heat. It was not presented in section 3.23 because it does not react nearly as readily. It is a mixture of iron oxide and aluminum, both finely powdered. When it is ignited, the aluminum burns, and extracts the oxygen from the iron oxide. This is really two very exothermic reactions that produce a combined temperature of about 2200 degrees C. This is half the heat produced by an atomic weapon. It is difficult to ignite, however, but when it is ignited, it is one of the most effective firestarters around. MATERIALS ½½½½½½½½½ powdered aluminum (10 g) powdered iron oxide (10 g) 1) There is no special procedure or equipment required to make thermit. Simply mix the two powders together, and try to make the mixture as homogenous as possible. The ratio of iron oxide to aluminum is 50% / 50% by weight, and be made in greater or lesser amounts. 2) Ignition of thermite can be accomplished by adding a small amount of potassium chlorate to the thermite, and pouring a few drops of sulfuric acid on it. This method and others will be discussed later in section 4.33. The other method of igniting thermite is with a magnesium strip. Finally, by using common sparkler-type fireworks placed in the thermit, the mixture can be ignited. 2.242 MOLOTOV COCKTAILS First used by Russians against German tanks, the Molotov cocktail is now exclusively used by terrorists worldwide. They are extremely simple to make, and can produce devastating results. By taking any highly flammable material, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, ethyl or methyl alcohol, lighter fluid, turpentine, or any mixture of the above, and putting it into a large glass bottle, anyone can make an effective firebomb. After putting the flammable liquid in the bottle, simply put a piece of cloth that is soaked in the liquid in the top of the bottle so that it fits tightly. Then, wrap some of the cloth around the neck and tie it, but be sure to leave a few inches of lose cloth to light. Light the exposed cloth, and throw the bottle. If the burning cloth does not go out, and if the bottle breaks on impact, the contents of the bottle will spatter over a large area near the site of impact, and burst into flame. Flammable mixtures such as kerosene and motor oil should be mixed with a more volatile and flammable liquid, such as gasoline, to insure ignition. A mixture such as tar or grease and gasoline will stick to the surface that it strikes, and burn hotter, and be more difficult to extinguish. A mixture such as this must be shaken well before it is lit and thrown 2.243 CHEMICAL FIRE BOTTLE The chemical fire bottle is really an advanced molotov cocktail. Rather than using the burning cloth to ignite the flammable liquid, which has at best a fair chance of igniting the liquid, the chemical fire bottle utilizes the very hot and violent reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium chlorate. When the container breaks, the sulfuric acid in the mixture of gasoline sprays onto the paper soaked in potassium chlorate and sugar. The paper, when struck by the acid, instantly bursts into a white flame, igniting the gasoline. The chance of failure to ignite the gasoline is less than 2%, and can be reduced to 0%, if there is enough potassium chlorate and sugar to spare. MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ½½½½½½½½½ ½½½½½½½½½ potassium chlorate glass bottle (2 teaspoons) (12 oz.) sugar (2 teaspoons) cap for bottle, w/plastic inside with plastic inside conc. sulfuric acid (4 oz.) cooking pan with raised edges gasoline (8 oz.) paper towels glass or plastic cup and spoon 1) Test the cap of the bottle with a few drops of sulfuric acid to make sure that the acid will not eat away the bottle cap during storage. If the acid eats through it in 24 hours, a new top must be found and tested, until a cap that the acid does not eat through is found. A glass top is excellent. 2) Carefully pour 8 oz. of gasoline into the glass bottle. 3) Carefully pour 4 oz. of concentrated sulfuric acid into the glass bottle. Wipe up any spills of acid on the sides of the bottle, and screw the cap on the bottle. Wash the bottle's outside with plenty of water. Set it aside to dry. 4) Put about two teaspoons of potassium chlorate and about two teaspoons of sugar into the glass or plastic cup. Add about 1/2 cup of boiling water, or enough to dissolve all of the potassium chlorate and sugar. 5) Place a sheet of paper towel in the cooking pan with raised edges. Fold the paper towel in half, and pour the solution of dissolved potassium chlorate and sugar on it until it is thoroughly wet. Allow the towel to dry. 6) When it is dry, put some glue on the outside of the glass bottle containing the gasoline and sulfuric acid mixture. Wrap the paper towel around the bottle, making sure that it sticks to it in all places. Store the bottle in a place where it will not be broken or tipped over. 7) When finished, the solution in the bottle should appear as two distinct liquids, a dark brownish-red solution on the bottom, and a clear solution on top. The two solutions will not mix. To use the chemical fire bottle, simply throw it at any hard surface. 8) NEVER OPEN THE BOTTLE, SINCE SOME SULFURIC ACID MIGHT BE ON THE CAP, WHICH COULD TRICKLE DOWN THE SIDE OF THE BOTTLE AND IGNITE THE POTASSIUM CHLORATE, CAUSING A FIRE AND/OR EXPLOSION. 9) To test the device, tear a small piece of the paper towel off the bottle, and put a few drops of sulfuric acid on it. The paper towel should immediately burst into a white flame. 2.244 BOTTLED GAS EXPLOSIVES Bottled gas, such as butane for refilling lighters, propane for propane stoves or for bunsen burners, can be used to produce a powerful explosion. To make such a device, all that a simple-minded anarchist would have to do would be to take his container of bottled gas and place it above a can of Sterno or other gelatinized fuel, light the fuel and run. Depending on the fuel used, and on the thickness of the fuel container, the liquid gas will boil and expand to the point of bursting the container in about five minutes. In theory, the gas would immediately be ignited by the burning gelatinized fuel, producing a large fireball and explosion. Unfortunately, the bursting of the bottled gas container often puts out the fuel, thus preventing the expanding gas from igniting. By using a metal bucket half filled with gasoline, however, the chances of ignition are better, since the gasoline is less likely to be extinguished. Placing the canister of bottled gas on a bed of burning charcoal soaked in gasoline would probably be the most effective way of securing ignition of the expanding gas, since although the bursting of the gas container may blow out the flame of the gasoline, the burning charcoal should immediately re-ignite it. Nitrous oxide, hydrogen, propane, acetylene, or any other flammable gas will do nicely. Addendum 4/12/91: During the recent gulf war, fuel/air bombs were touted as being second only to nuclear weapons in their devastating effects. These are basically similar to the above devices, except that an explosive charge is used to rupture the fuel container and disperse it over a wide area. a second charge is used to detonate the fuel. The reaction is said to produce a massive shockwave and to burn all the oxygen in a large area, causing suffocation. Another benefit of a fuel-air explosive is that the gas will seep into fortified bunkers and other partially-sealed spaces, so a large bomb placed in a building would result in the destruction of the majority of surrounding rooms, rendering it structurally unsound. *End addendum 2.3 USING EXPLOSIVES Once a terrorist has made his explosives, the next logical step is to apply them. Explosives have a wide range of uses, from harassment, to vandalism, to murder. NONE OF THE IDEAS PRESENTED HERE ARE EVER TO BE CARRIED OUT, EITHER IN PART OR IN FULL! DOING SO CAN LEAD TO PROSECUTION, FINES, AND IMPRISONMENT! The first step that a person that would use explosive would take would be to determine how big an explosive device would be needed to do whatever had to be done. Then, he would have to decide what to make his bomb with. He would also have to decide on how he wanted to detonate the device, and determine where the best placement for it would be. Then, it would be necessary to see if the device could be put where he wanted it without it being discovered or moved. Finally, he would actually have to sit down and build his explosive device. These are some of the topics covered in the next section. 2.31 SAFETY There is no such thing as a "safe" explosive device. One can only speak in terms of relative safety, or less unsafe. 2.32 IGNITION DEVICES There are many ways to ignite explosive devices. There is the classic "light the fuse, throw the bomb, and run" approach, and there are sensitive mercury switches, and many things in between. Generally, electrical detonation systems are safer than fuses, but there are times when fuses are more appropriate than electrical systems; it is difficult to carry an electrical detonation system into a stadium, for instance, without being caught. A device with a fuse or impact detonating fuse would be easier to hide. 2.321 FUSE IGNITION The oldest form of explosive ignition, fuses are perhaps the favorite type of simple ignition system. By simply placing a piece of waterproof fuse in a device, one can have almost guaranteed ignition. Modern waterproof fuse is extremely reliable, burning at a rate of about 2.5 seconds to the inch. It is available as model rocketry fuse in most hobby shops, and costs about $3.00 for a nine-foot length. Fuse is a popular ignition system for pipe bombers because of its simplicity. All that need be done is light it with a match or lighter. Of course, if the Army had fuses like this, then the grenade, which uses fuse ignition, would be very impracticle. If a grenade ignition system can be acquired, by all means, it is the most effective. But, since such things do not just float around, the next best thing is to prepare a fuse system which does not require the use of a match or lighter, but still retains its simplicity. One such method is described below: MATERIALS _________ strike-on-cover type matches electrical tape or duct tape waterproof fuse 1) To determine the burn rate of a particular type of fuse, simply measure a 6 inch or longer piece of fuse and ignite it. With a stopwatch, press the start button the at the instant when the fuse lights, and stop the watch when the fuse reaches its end. Divide the time of burn by the length of fuse, and you have the burn rate of the fuse, in seconds per inch. This will be shown below: Suppose an eight inch piece of fuse is burned, and its complete time of combustion is 20 seconds. 20 seconds ½½½½½½½½½½ = 2.5 seconds per inch. 8 inches If a delay of 10 seconds was desired with this fuse, divide the desired time by the number of seconds per inch: 10 seconds ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½ = 4 inches 2.5 seconds / inch NOTE: THE LENGTH OF FUSE HERE MEANS LENGTH OF FUSE TO THE POWDER. SOME FUSE, AT LEAST AN INCH, SHOULD BE INSIDE THE DEVICE. ALWAYS ADD THIS EXTRA INCH, AND PUT THIS EXTRA INCH AN INCH INTO THE DEVICE!!! 2) After deciding how long a delay is desired before the explosive device is to go off, add about 1/2 an inch to the premeasured amount of fuse, and cut it off. 3) Carefully remove the cardboard matches from the paper match case. Do not pull off individual matches; keep all the matches attached to the cardboard base. Take one of the cardboard match sections, and leave the other one to make a second igniter. 4) Wrap the matches around the end of the fuse, with the heads of the matches touching the very end of the fuse. Tape them there securely, making sure not to put tape over the match heads. Make sure they are very secure by pulling on them at the base of the assembly. They should not be able to move. 5) Wrap the cover of the matches around the matches attached to the fuse, making sure that the striker paper is below the match heads and the striker faces the match heads. Tape the paper so that is fairly tight around the matches. Do not tape the cover of the striker to the fuse or to the matches. Leave enough of the match book to pull on for ignition. _____________________ \ / \ / ------ match book cover \ / | M|f|M ---|------- match head | A|u|A | | T|s|T | | C|e|C | |tapeH|.|Htape| | |f| | |#####|u|#####|-------- striking paper |#####|s|#####| \ |e| / \ |.| / \ |f| / \ |u| / |ta|s|pe| |ta|e|pe| |.| |f| |u| |s| |e| |.| |_| The match book is wrapped around the matches, and is taped to itself. The matches are taped to the fuse. The striker will rub against the matcheads when the match book is pulled. 6) When ready to use, simply pull on the match paper. It should pull the striking paper across the match heads with enough friction to light them. In turn, the burning matcheads will light the fuse, since it adjacent to the burning match heads. 2.3211 HOW TO MAKE BLACKMATCH FUSE Take a flat piece of plastic or metal (brass or aluminum are easy to work with and won't rust). Drill a 1/16th inch hole through it. This is your die for sizing the fuse. You can make fuses as big as you want, but this is the right size for the pipe bomb I will be getting to later. To about 1/2 cup of black powder add water to make a thin paste. Add 1/2 teaspoon of corn starch. Cut some one foot lengths of cotton thread. Use cotton, not silk or thread made from synthetic fibers. Put these together until you have a thickness that fills the hole in the die but can be drawn through very easily. Tie your bundle of threads together at one end. Separate the threads and hold the bundle over the black powder mixture. Lower the threads with a circular motion so they start curling onto the mixture. Press them under with the back of a teaspoon and continue lowering them so they coil into the paste. Take the end you are holding and thread it through the die. Pull it through smoothly in one long motion. To dry your fuse, lay it on a piece of aluminum foil and bake it in your 250 degree oven or tie it to a grill in the oven and let it hang down. The fuse must be baked to make it stiff enough for the uses it will be put to later. Air drying will not do the job. If you used Sodium Nitrate, it will not even dry completely at room temperatures. Cut the dry fuse with sissors into 2 inch lengths and store in an air tight container. Handle this fuse carefuly to avoid breaking it. You can also use a firecracker fuse if you have any available. The fuses can usually be pulled out without breaking. To give yourself some running time, you will be extending these fuses (blackmatch or firecracker fuse) with sulfured wick. 2.322 IMPACT IGNITION Impact ignition is an excellent method of ignition for spontaneous terrorist activities. The problem with an impact-detonating device is that it must be kept in a very safe container so that it will not explode while being transported to the place where it is to be used. This can be done by having a removable impact initiator. The best and most reliable impact initiator is one that uses factory made initiators or primers. A no. 11 cap for black powder firearms is one such primer. They usually come in boxes of 100, and cost about $2.50. To use such a cap, however, one needs a nipple that it will fit on. Black powder nipples are also available in gun stores. All that a person has to do is ask for a package of nipples and the caps that fit them. Nipples have a hole that goes all the way through them, and they have a threaded end, and an end to put the cap on. A cutaway of a nipple is shown below: ________________ | | _ | | | | |/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\| _______| |^^^^^^^| | ___________| | | no. 11 |_______| percussion _______ ------- threads for screwing cap : here |__________ nipple onto bomb |____ | | |^^^^^^^^^| |_| |/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/| | | |_________________| When making using this type of initiator, a hole must be drilled into whatever container is used to make the bomb out of. The nipple is then screwed into the hole so that it fits tightly. Then, the cap can be carried and placed on the bomb when it is to be thrown. The cap should be bent a small amount before it is placed on the nipple, to make sure that it stays in place. The only other problem involved with an impact detonating bomb is that it must strike a hard surface on the nipple to set it off. By attaching fins or a small parachute on the end of the bomb opposite the primer, the bomb, when thrown, should strike the ground on the primer, and explode. Of course, a bomb with mercury fulminate in each end will go off on impact regardless of which end it strikes on, but mercury fulminate is also likely to go off if the person carrying the bomb is bumped hard. 2.323 ELECTRICAL IGNITION Electrical ignition systems for detonation are usually the safest and most reliable form of ignition. Electrical systems are ideal for demolition work, if one doesn't have to worry so much about being caught. With two spools of 500 ft of wire and a car battery, one can detonate explosives from a "safe", comfortable distance, and be sure that there is nobody around that could get hurt. With an electrical system, one can control exactly what time a device will explode, within fractions of a second. Detonation can be aborted in less than a second's warning, if a person suddenly walks by the detonation sight, or if a police car chooses to roll by at the time. The two best electrical igniters are military squibs and model rocketry igniters. Blasting caps for construction also work well. Model rocketry igniters are sold in packages of six, and cost about $1.00 per pack. All that need be done to use them is connect it to two wires and run a current through them. Military squibs are difficult to get, but they are a little bit better, since they explode when a current is run through them, whereas rocketry igniters only burst into flame. Military squibs can be used to set off sensitive high explosives, such as R.D.X., or potassium chlorate mixed with petroleum jelly. Igniters can be used to set off black powder, mercury fulminate, or guncotton, which in turn, can set of a high order explosive. 2.324 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL IGNITION Electro-mechanical ignition systems are systems that use some type of mechanical switch to set off an explosive charge electrically. This type of switch is typically used in booby traps or other devices in which the person who places the bomb does not wish to be anywhere near the device when it explodes. Several types of electro-mechanical detonators will be discussed 2.324 Mercury Switches Mercury switches are a switch that uses the fact that mercury metal conducts electricity, as do all metals, but mercury metal is a liquid at room temperatures. A typical mercury switch is a sealed glass tube with two electrodes and a bead of mercury metal. It is sealed because of mercury's nasty habit of giving off brain-damaging vapors. The diagram below may help to explain a mercury switch. ______________ A / \ B _____wire +______/_________ \ \ ( Hg )| / \ _(_Hg___)|___/ | | wire - | | | When the drop of mercury ("Hg" is mercury's atomic symbol) touches both contacts, current flows through the switch. If this particular switch was in its present position, A---B, current would be flowing, since the mercury can touch both contacts in the horizontal position. If, however, it was in the | position, the drop of mercury would only touch the + contact on the A side. Current, then couldn't flow, since mercury does not reach both contacts when the switch is in the vertical position. This type of switch is ideal to place by a door. If it were placed in the path of a swinging door in the verticle position, the motion of the door would knock the switch down, if it was held to the ground by a piece if tape. This would tilt the switch into the verticle position, causing the mercury to touch both contacts, allowing current to flow through the mercury, and to the igniter or squib in an explosive device. Imagine opening a door and having it slammed in your face by an explosion. 2.325 Tripwire Switches A tripwire is an element of the classic booby trap. By placing a nearly invisible line of string or fishing line in the probable path of a victim, and by putting some type of trap there also, nasty things can be caused to occur. If this mode of thought is applied to explosives, how would one use such a tripwire to detonate a bomb. The technique is simple. By wrapping the tips of a standard clothespin with aluminum foil, and placing something between them, and connecting wires to each aluminum foil contact, an electric tripwire can be made, If a piece of wood attached to the tripwire was placed between the contacts on the clothespin, the clothespin would serve as a switch. When the tripwire was pulled, the clothespin would snap together, allowing current to flow between the two pieces of aluminum foil, thereby completing a circuit, which would have the igniter or squib in it. Current would flow between the contacts to the igniter or squib, heat the igniter or squib, causing it it to explode. __________________________________ \_foil___________________________/ Insert strip of ----------------------------spring wood with trip- _foil__________________________ wire between foil /_______________________________\ contacts. Make sure that the aluminum foil contacts do not touch the spring, since the spring also conducts electricity. 2.326 Radio Control Detonators In the movies, every terrorist or criminal uses a radio controlled detonator to set off explosives. With a good radio detonator, one can be several miles away from the device, and still control exactly when it explodes, in much the same way as an electrical switch. The problem with radio detonators is that they are rather costly. However, there could possibly be a reason that a terrorist would wish to spend the amounts of money involved with a RC (radio control) system and use it as a detonator. If such an individual wanted to devise an RC detonator, all he would need to do is visit the local hobby store or toy store, and buy a radio controlled toy. Taking it back to his/her abode, all that he/she would have to do is detach the solenoid/motor that controls the motion of the front wheels of a RC car, or detach the solenoid/motor of the elevators/rudder of a RC plane, or the rudder of a RC boat, and re-connect the squib or rocket engine igniter to the contacts for the solenoid/motor. The device should be tested several times with squibs or igniters, and fully charged batteries should be in both he controller and the receiver (the part that used to move parts before the device became a detonator). 2.327 MINI-COMPOUND DETONATOR'S _______________________________________________________________________________ | | | Mini-Compound Detonater's | | | | Brought to you by- | | | | Jack The Ripper | | | |_____________________________________________________________________________| This is basically a tutorial in making detonaters, and there are a few rules, that I would like each and every one of you to follow. Making detonaters is very very dangerous considering that the purpose of detonaters is for them to be sensitive and easily detonated, so be careful. Also the detonaters I am telling you how to make are small, but the same principle can be applied on a larger scale. -=-=-=-=-=- -MATERIALS- -=-=-=-=-=- Name Source ---- ------ Empty .22 Magnum shells or copper/brass/aluminum Gun stores or Hardware tubing 1/4 inch in diameter and 1 inch long. These Stores tubes must also be closed at one end. A substantial quantity of Secondary Explosive i.e. RDX RDX Article 3 this (amount depends on how many detonaters you intend to issue of "Anarchy make) or PETN can be substituted here. Today" PETN is the center filling of detonating cords. A substantial quantity of primary explosive i.e. Acetone Peroxide Mercury Fulminate or Acetone Peroxide. Article 1 this issue of "Anarchy Today" An ignition charge of black powder. Gun stores FFF black powder. A loading press (commonly used for reloading shells Gun stores also please be safe considering a few of these detonaters may detonate when being compressed, so take the neccessary precautions such as safty glasses etc...) -=-=-=-=-=- -PROCEDURE- -=-=-=-=-=- *NOTE* dirt or oil may sensitive the detonaters to an unsafe level so when handling the primary ad secondary and ingnition charges use tongs. Also boil a bucket of water in the room as humidity helps or if your in a house turn your shower on hot and leave it on! 1) Now light a candle, and let two drops of wax drip into each shell casing before use. Then let the wax cool down. 2) Now fill the casing to a depth of 1/4 inch with RDX or PETN, and then *GENTLY and SLOWLY* insert the ram and compress the explosive slowly and evenly. Now remove the ram slowly and carefully. 3) Continue this process adding small amounts of RDX or PETN until a column of secondary explosive 5/8 of an inch high has been pressed into the 1 inch shell casing. 4) Now add a small amount of Primary explosive the same way you added the secondary explosive on top of the secondary explosive. Now add the Mercury Fulminate or Acetone Peroxide on top of the 5/8 inch column of secondary explosive and compress it with the ram until it reaches a height of primary explosive 1/4 inch high. 5) Now compress the remaining 1/8 of an inch with black powder. Now seal the top with wax paper or tape until ready for use. -=-=-=-=- -DIAGRAM- -=-=-=-=- - ++++++ | |@@@@| | |****| | |****| | |####| 1 INCH------< |####| | |####| | |####| | |####| | |----| - |====| +-+-+ +Key+ +-+-+ @ = Black Powder (Ignition Charge) * = Mercury Fulminate or Acetone Peroxide (Primary Charge) # = RDX or PETN (Secondary Charge) - = Two drops of wax on Bottom + = Tape covering top = = The bottom of shell casing | = Sides of .22 Magnum Shell -=-=-=- -USES!- -=-=-=- These little beauties can be used for almost any purpose or a larger version can be used where a hard to detonate substance is used. Their main use is for minature hand grenades and other small explosives. The next issue of "Anarchy Today" will cover various things such as explosive candles, etc... Later... Jack The Ripper 2.33 DELAYS A delay is a device which causes time to pass from when a device is set up to the time that it explodes. A regular fuse is a delay, but it would cost quite a bit to have a 24 hour delay with a fuse. This section deals with the different types of delays that can be employed by a terrorist who wishes to be sure that his bomb will go off, but wants to be out of the country when it does. 2.331 FUSE DELAYS It is extremely simple to delay explosive devices that employ fuses for ignition. Perhaps the simplest way to do so is with a cigarette. An average cigarette burns for about 8 minutes. The higher the "tar" and nicotine rating, the slower the cigarette burns. Low "tar" and nicotine cigarettes burn quicker than the higher "tar" and nicotine cigarettes, but they are also less likely to go out if left unattended, i.e. not smoked. Depending on the wind or draft in a given place, a high "tar" cigarette is better for delaying the ignition of a fuse, but there must be enough wind or draft to give the cigarette enough oxygen to burn. People who use cigarettes for the purpose of delaying fuses will often test the cigarettes that they plan to use in advance to make sure they stay lit and to see how long it will burn. Once a cigarettes burn rate is determined, it is a simple matter of carefully putting a hole all the way through a cigarette with a toothpick at the point desired, and pushing the fuse for a device in the hole formed. |=| |=| ---------- filter |=| | | | | |o| ---------- hole for fuse cigarette ------------ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |_| ---------- light this end A similar type of device can be make from powdered charcoal and a sheet of paper. Simply roll the sheet of paper into a thin tube, and fill it with powdered charcoal. Punch a hole in it at the desired location, and insert a fuse. Both ends must be glued closed, and one end of the delay must be doused with lighter fluid before it is lit. Or, a small charge of gunpowder mixed with powdered charcoal could conceivably used for igniting such a delay. A chain of charcoal briquettes can be used as a delay by merely lining up a few bricks of charcoal so that they touch each other, end on end, and lighting the first brick. Incense, which can be purchased at almost any novelty or party supply store, can also be used as a fairly reliable delay. By wrapping the fuse about the end of an incense stick, delays of up to 1/2 an hour are possible. Finally, it is possible to make a relatively slow-burning fuse in the home. By dissolving about one teaspoon of black powder in about 1/4 a cup of boiling water, and, while it is still hot, soaking in it a long piece of all cotton string, a slow-burning fuse can be made. After the soaked string dries, it must then be tied to the fuse of an explosive device. Sometimes, the end of the slow burning fuse that meets the normal fuse has a charge of black powder or gunpowder at the intersection point to insure ignition, since the slow-burning fuse does not burn at a very high temperature. A similar type of slow fuse can be made by taking the above mixture of boiling water and black powder and pouring it on a long piece of toilet paper. The wet toilet paper is then gently twisted up so that it resembles a firecracker fuse, and is allowed to dry. 2.332 TIMER DELAYS Timer delays, or "time bombs" are usually employed by an individual who wishes to threaten a place with a bomb and demand money to reveal its location and means to disarm it. Such a device could be placed in any populated place if it were concealed properly. There are several ways to build a timer delay. By simply using a screw as one contact at the time that detonation is desired, and using the hour hand of a clock as the other contact, a simple timer can be made. The minute hand of a clock should be removed, unless a delay of less than an hour is desired. The main disadvantage with this type of timer is that it can only be set for a maximum time of 12 hours. If an electronic timer is used, such as that in an electronic clock, then delays of up to 24 hours are possible. By removing the speaker from an electronic clock, and attaching the wires of a squib or igniter to them, a timer with a delay of up to 24 hours can be made. All that one has to do is set the alarm time of the clock to the desired time, connect the leads, and go away. This could also be done with an electronic watch, if a larger battery were used, and the current to the speaker of the watch was stepped up via a transformer. This would be good, since such a timer could be extremely small. The timer in a VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) would be ideal. VCR's can usually be set for times of up to a week. The leads from the timer to the recording equipment would be the ones that an igniter or squib would be connected to. Also, one can buy timers from electronics stores that would be work well. Finally, one could employ a digital watch, and use a relay, or electro-magnetic switch to fire the igniter, and the current of the watch would not have to be stepped up. 2.333 CHEMICAL DELAYS Chemical delays are uncommon, but they can be extremely effective in some cases. If a glass container is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid, and capped with several thicknesses of aluminum foil, or a cap that it will eat through, then it can be used as a delay. Sulfuric acid will react with aluminum foil to produce aluminum sulfate and hydrogen gas, and so the container must be open to the air on one end so that the pressure of the hydrogen gas that is forming does not break the container. _ _ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |_____________| | | | | | | | sulfuric | | | | | | | | acid | | | | | |---------- aluminum foil | |_____________| | (several thicknesses) |_________________| The aluminum foil is placed over the bottom of the container and secured there with tape. When the acid eats through the aluminum foil, it can be used to ignite an explosive device in several ways. 1) Sulfuric acid is a good conductor of electricity. If the acid that eats through the foil is collected in a glass container placed underneath the foil, and two wires are placed in the glass container, a current will be able to flow through the acid when both of the wires are immersed in the acid. 2) Sulfuric acid reacts very violently with potassium chlorate. If the acid drips down into a container containing potassium chlorate, the potassium chlorate will burst into flame. This flame can be used to ignite a fuse, or the potassium chlorate can be the igniter for a thermite bomb, if some potassium chlorate is mixed in a 50/50 ratio with the thermite, and this mixture is used as an igniter for the rest of the thermite. 3) Sulfuric acid reacts with potassium permangenate in a similar way. 2.34 EXPLOSIVE CONTAINERS This section will cover everything from making a simple firecracker to a complicated scheme for detonating an insensitive high explosive, both of which are methods that could be utilized by perpetrators of terror. 2.341 PAPER CONTAINERS Paper was the first container ever used for explosives, since it was first used by the Chinese to make fireworks. Paper containers are usually very simple to make, and are certainly the cheapest. There are many possible uses for paper in containing explosives, and the two most obvious are in firecrackers and rocket engines. Simply by rolling up a long sheet of paper, and gluing it together, one can make a simple rocket engine. Perhaps a more interesting and dangerous use is in the firecracker. The firecracker shown here is one of Mexican design. It is called a "polumna", meaning "dove". The process of their manufacture is not unlike that of making a paper football. If one takes a sheet of paper about 16 inches in length by 1.5 inches wide, and fold one corner so that it looks like this: ________________________________________________ | |\ | | \ | | \ |_____________________________________________|___\ and then fold it again so that it looks like this: ______________________________________________ | /| | / | | / | |________________________________________/___| A pocket is formed. This pocket can be filled with black powder, pyrodex, flash powder, gunpowder,rocket engine powder, or any of the quick-burning fuel- oxodizer mixtures that occur in the form of a fine powder. A fuse is then inserted, and one continues the triangular folds, being careful not to spill out any of the explosive. When the polumna is finished, it should be taped together very tightly, since this will increase the strength of the container, and produce a louder and more powerful explosion when it is lit. The finished polumna should look like a 1/4 inch - 1/3 inch thick triangle, like the one shown below: ^ / \ ----- securely tape all corners / \ / \ / \ / \ / \____________________________ /_____________\__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/ ---------- fuse 3.342 METAL CONTAINERS The classic pipe bomb is the best known example of a metal-contained explosive. Idiot anarchists take white tipped matches and cut off the match heads. They pound one end of a pipe closed with a hammer, pour in the white- tipped matches, and then pound the other end closed. This process often kills the fool, since when he pounds the pipe closed, he could very easily cause enough friction between the match heads to cause them to ignite and explode the unfinished bomb. By using pipe caps, the process is somewhat safer, and the less stupid anarchist would never use white tipped matches in a bomb. He would buy two pipe caps and threaded pipe (fig. 1). First, he would drill a hole in one pipe cap, and put a fuse in it so that it will not come out, and so powder will not escape during handling. The fuse would be at least 3/4 an inch long inside the bomb. He would then screw the cap with the fuse in it on tightly, possibly putting a drop of super glue on it to hold it tight. He would then pour his explosive powder in the bomb. To pack it tightly, he would take a large wad of tissue paper and, after filling the pipe to the very top, pack the powder down, by using the paper as a ramrod tip, and pushing it with a pencil or other wide ended object, until it would not move any further. Finally, he would screw the other pipe cap on, and glue it. The tissue paper would help prevent some of the powder from being caught in the threads of the pipe or pipe cap from being crushed and subject to friction, which might ignite the powder, causing an explosion during manufacture. An assembled bomb is shown in fig. 2. ________ ________ | _____|________________________________|_____ | | |__________________________________________| | | |: : : : |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| | | | tissue | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |_| | | : : : |- - - low order explosive - - ---------------------- | | paper | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |-| fuse | |: : : : |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| | | |________|_________________________________| | | |__________________________________________| | |______| |______| endcap pipe endcap w/ hole fig. 2 Assembled pipe bomb. This is one possible design that a mad bomber would use. If, however, he did not have access to threaded pipe with endcaps, he could always use a piece of copper or aluminum pipe, since it is easily bent into a suitable position. A major problem with copper piping, however, is bending and folding it without tearing it; if too much force is used when folding and bending copper pipe, it will split along the fold. The safest method for making a pipe bomb out of copper or aluminum pipe is similar to the method with pipe and endcaps. First, one flattens one end of a copper or aluminum pipe carefully, making sure not to tear or rip the piping. Then, the flat end of the pipe should be folded over at least once, if this does not rip the pipe. A fuse hole should be drilled in the pipe near the now closed end, and the fuse should be inserted. Next, the bomb- builder would fill the bomb with a low order explosive, and pack it with a large wad of tissue paper. He would then flatten and fold the other end of the pipe with a pair of pliers. If he was not too dumb, he would do this slowly, since the process of folding and bending metal gives off heat, which could set off the explosive. A diagram is presented below: ________ _______________________________________________/| | | | o | | |______________________________________________ | | \_|______| fig. 1 pipe with one end flattened and fuse hole drilled (top view) ______ ____________________________________________/ | | | | | | o | | |___________________________________________ | | \__|__| fig. 2 pipe with one end flattened and folded up (top view) ____________ fuse hole | v _________________________________________________ | \ |____ | | \____| | | ______| | / |_____________________________/__________________ fig. 3 pipe with flattened and folded end (side view) A CO2 cartridge from a B.B gun is another excellent container for a low- order explosive. It has one minor disadvantage: it is time consuming to fill. But this can be rectified by widening the opening of the cartridge with a pointed tool. Then, all that would have to be done is to fill the CO2 cartridge with any low-order explosive, or any of the fast burning fuel-oxodizer mixtures, and insert a fuse. These devices are commonly called "crater makers". Addendum 4/12/91: From personal experience, I have found that a CO2 cartridge is easiest to fill if you take a piece of paper and tape it around the opening to form a sort of funnel: A full \ / Use a punch or sharp philips (+) screwdriver to cartridge \ / enlarge the pin-hole opening on a used cartridge. can also be \ / fun- @ It doesn't seem to be neccessary to seal the hole, / \ but if you must do so, Epoxy and electrical tape toss it into | | work quite well. a lite fire | | and it will (__) CONDENSATION may form inside a recently used explode, and bottle- if you must use one right after emptying the CO2 may it, heat it in a warm oven to dry it out. extinguish the flames. *End Addendum A CO2 cartridge also works well as a container for a thermite incendiary device, but it must be modified. The opening in the end must be widened, so that the ignition mixture, such as powdered magnesium, does not explode. The fuse will ignite the powdered magnesium, which, in turn, would ignite the thermite . The previously mentioned designs for explosive devices are fine for low- order explosives, but are unsuitable for high-order explosives, since the latter requires a shockwave to be detonated. A design employing a smaller low-order explosive device inside a larger device containing a high-order explosive would probably be used. _____________________________________ | _ | | / \ | | High Explosive filler |LO ======= | \_/ | |____________________________________| If the large high explosive container is small, such as a CO2 cartridge, then a segment of a hollow radio antenna can be made into a low-order pipe bomb, which can be fitted with a fuse, and inserted into the CO2 cartridge. 2.343 GLASS CONTAINERS Glass containers can be suitable for low-order explosives, but there are problems with them. First, a glass container can be broken relatively easily compared to metal or plastic containers. Secondly, in the not-too-unlikely event of an "accident", the person making the device would probably be seriously injured, even if the device was small. A bomb made out of a sample perfume bottle-sized container exploded in the hands of one boy, and he still has pieces of glass in his hand. He is also missing the final segment of his ring finger, which was cut off by a sharp piece of flying glass... Nonetheless, glass containers such as perfume bottles can be used by a demented individual, since such a device would not be detected by metal detectors in an airport or other public place. All that need be done is fill the container, and drill a hole in the plastic cap that the fuse fits tightly in, and screw the cap-fuse assembly on. ________________________ fuse | | | _____|_____ | ___|___ | | > | < | drill hole in cap, and insert fuse; | > | < | be sure fuse will not come out of cap | > | > | < | | | | | | | | | | screw cap on bottle | | | | V V _________ < > < > < > / \ / \ / \ | | fill bottle with low-order explosive | | | | | | | | |___________| Large explosive devices made from glass containers are not practicle, since glass is not an exceptionally strong container. Much of the explosive that is used to fill the container is wasted if the container is much larger than a 16 oz. soda bottle. Also, glass containers are usually unsuitable for high explosive devices, since a glass container would probably not withstand the explosion of the initiator; it would shatter before the high explosive was able to detonate. 2.344 PLASTIC CONTAINERS Plastic containers are perhaps the best containers for explosives, since they can be any size or shape, and are not fragile like glass. Plastic piping can be bought at hardware or plumbing stores, and a device much like the ones used for metal containers can be made. The high-order version works well with plastic piping. If the entire device is made out of plastic, it is not detectable by metal detectors. Plastic containers can usually be shaped by heating the container, and bending it at the appropriate place. They can be glued closed with epoxy or other cement for plastics. Epoxy alone can be used as an endcap, if a wad of tissue paper is placed in the piping. Epoxy with a drying agent works best in this type of device. || || || || ||\_____________/|| || || || epoxy || ||_______________|| || tissue || || paper || ||_______________|| ||***************|| ||***************|| ||***************|| ||***************|| ||** explosive **|| ||***************|| ||***********----------------------- fuse ||***************|| ||½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½|| || || || tissue || || paper || ||_______________|| || || || epoxy || || _____________ || ||/ \|| || || || || One end must be made first, and be allowed to dry completely before the device can be filled with powder and fused. Then, with another piece of tissue paper, pack the powder tightly, and cover it with plenty of epoxy. PVC pipe works well for this type of device, but it cannot be used if the pipe had an inside diameter greater than 3/4 of an inch. Other plastic puttys can be used in this type of device, but epoxy with a drying agent works best. Addendum 4/12/91: In my experience, epoxy plugs work well, but epoxy is somewhat expensive. One alternative is auto body filler, a grey paste which, when mixed with hardener, forms into a rock-like mass which is stronger than most epoxy. The only drawback is the body filler generates quite a bit of heat as it hardens, which might be enough to set of a overly sensitive explosive. One benefit of body filler is that it will hold it's shape quite well, and is ideal for forming rocket nozzles and entire bomb casings. *End Addendum 2.35 ADVANCED USES FOR EXPLOSIVES The techniques presented here are those that could be used by a person who had some degree of knowledge of the use of explosives. Some of this information comes from demolitions books, or from military handbooks. Advanced uses for explosives usually involved shaped charges, or utilize a minimum amount of explosive to do a maximum amount of damage. They almost always involve high- order explosives. 2.351 SHAPED CHARGES A shaped charge is an explosive device that, upon detonation, directs the explosive force of detonation at a small target area. This process can be used to breach the strongest armor, since forces of literally millions of pounds of pressure per square inch can be generated. Shaped charges employ high-order explosives, and usually electric ignition systems. KEEP IN MIND THAT ALL EXPLOSIVES ARE DANGEROUS, AND SHOULD NEVER BE MADE OR USED!! An example of a shaped charge is shown below. + wire ________ _______ - wire _ _________|_________|____________ ^ | ________|_________|__________ | | | | | | | | | | | \ igniter / | | | | | \_______/ | | | | | priming charge | | | | | (mercury fulminate) | | | | | ^ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | / \ | | 8 inches high | | / \ | | | | / high \ | | | | | / explosive \ | | | | | / charge \ | | | | | / \ | | | | |/ \| | | | | ^ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | | | | / \ | | ------- 1/2 inch | | | / \ | | thick steel | | | / \ | | pipe | | | / \ | | | | |/ \| | | hole for | | | | hole for | screw | | | | screw V_______ ___________| | | |___________ ________ |______| |____________| |_____________| |______| |<------- 8 inches -------->| If a device such as this is screwed to a safe, for example, it would direct most of the explosive force at a point about 1 inch away from the opening of the pipe. The basis for shaped charges is a cone-shaped opening in the explosive material. This cone should have an angle of 45 degrees. A device such as this one could also be attached to a metal surface with a powerful electromagnet. 2.352 TUBE EXPLOSIVES A variation on shaped charges, tube explosives can be used in ways that shaped charges cannot. If a piece of 1/2 inch plastic tubing was filled with a sensitive high explosive like R.D.X., and prepared as the plastic explosive container in section 4.44, a different sort of shaped charge could be produced; a charge that directs explosive force in a circular manner. This type of explosive could be wrapped around a column, or a doorknob, or a telephone pole. The explosion would be directed in and out, and most likely destroy whatever it was wrapped around. In an unbent state, a tube explosive would look like this: ||\____/|| || epoxy|| ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½Ä ||------|| ½ RDX ½ another *Addendum ½ ||tissue|| ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½Ä´ || paper|| ½ NO ½ ||______|| ½ 2 ½ ||******|| ½ | ½ ||******|| ½ N ½ ||******|| ½ / \ ½ || RDX || ½ / \ ½ ||*____*|| ½ H C H C ½ ||*| s|*|| ½ / 2 2 ½ ||*| q|*|| ½ / | ½ ||*| u|*|| ½ O N N--NO ½ ||*| i|*|| ½ 2 \ / 2 ½ ||*| b|*|| ½ \ / ½ ||*| b|*|| ½ \ / ½ ||*|__|*|| ½ CH ½ ||__||__|| ½ 2 ½ ||tissue|| ½ ½ || paper|| ½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½½ ||--||--|| || epoxy|| || || || ||/ || \|| || || || ||_______ + wire ______________ |________ - wire ______________ When an assassin or terrorist wishes to use a tube bomb, he must wrap it around whatever thing he wishes to destroy, and epoxy the ends of the tube bomb together. After it dries, he/she can connect wires to the squib wires, and detonate the bomb, with any method of electric detonation. 2.353 ATOMIZED PARTICLE EXPLOSIONS If a highly flammable substance is atomized, or, divided into very small particles, and large amounts of it is burned in a confined area, an explosion similar to that occurring in the cylinder of an automobile is produced. The tiny droplets of gasoline burn in the air, and the hot gasses expand rapidly, pushing the cylinder up. Similarly, if a gallon of gasoline was atomized and ignited in a building, it is very possible that the expanding gassed would push the walls of the building down. This phenomenon is called an atomized particle explosion. If a person can effectively atomize a large amount of a highly flammable substance and ignite it, he could bring down a large building, bridge, or other structure. Atomizing a large amount of gasoline, for example, can be extremely difficult, unless one has the aid of a high explosive. If a gallon jug of gasoline was placed directly over a high explosive charge, and the charge was detonated, the gasoline would instantly be atomized and ignited. If this occurred in a building, for example, an atomized particle explosion would surely occur. Only a small amount of high explosive would be necessary to accomplish this feat, about 1/2 a pound of T.N.T. or 1/4 a pound of R.D.X. Also, instead of gasoline, powdered aluminum could be used. It is necessary that a high explosive be used to atomize a flammable material, since a low-order explosion does not occur quickly enough to atomize or ignite the flammable material. 2.354 LIGHTBULB BOMBS An automatic reaction to walking into a dark room is to turn on the light. This can be fatal, if a lightbulb bomb has been placed in the overhead light socket. A lightbulb bomb is surprisingly easy to make. It also comes with its own initiator and electric ignition system. On some lightbulbs, the lightbulb glass can be removed from the metal base by heating the base of a lightbulb in a gas flame, such as that of a blowtorch or gas stove. This must be done carefully, since the inside of a lightbulb is a vacuum. When the glue gets hot enough, the glass bulb can be pulled off the metal base. On other bulbs, it is necessary to heat the glass directly with a blowtorch or oxy-acetylene torch. In either case, once the bulb and/or base has cooled down to room temperature or lower, the bulb can be filled with an explosive material, such as black powder. If the glass was removed from the metal base, it must be glued back on to the base with epoxy. If a hole was put in the bulb, a piece of duct tape is sufficient to hold the explosive in the in the bulb. Then, after making sure that the socket has no power by checking with a working lightbulb, all that need be done is to screw the lightbulb bomb into the socket. Such a device has been used by terrorists or assassins with much success, since nobody can search the room for a bomb without first turning on the light. 2.355 BOOK BOMBS Concealing a bomb can be extremely difficult in a day and age where perpetrators of violence run wild. Bags and briefcases are often searched by authorities whenever one enters a place where an individual might intend to set off a bomb. One approach to disguising a bomb is to build what is called a book bomb; an explosive device that is entirely contained inside of a book. Usually, a relatively large book is required, and the book must be of the hardback variety to hide any protrusions of a bomb. Dictionaries, law books, large textbooks, and other such books work well. When an individual makes a bookbomb, he/she must choose a type of book that is appropriate for the place where the book bomb will be placed. The actual construction of a book bomb can be done by anyone who possesses an electric drill and a coping saw. First, all of the pages of the book must be glued together. By pouring an entire container of water-soluble glue into a large bucket, and filling the bucket with boiling water, a glue-water solution can be made that will hold all of the book's pages together tightly. After the glue-water solution has cooled to a bearable temperature, and the solution has been stirred well, the pages of the book must be immersed in the glue-water solution, and each page must be thoroughly soaked. It is extremely important that the covers of the book do not get stuck to the pages of the book while the pages are drying. Suspending the book by both covers and clamping the pages together in a vice works best. When the pages dry, after about three days to a week, a hole must be drilled into the now rigid pages, and they should drill out much like wood. Then, by inserting the coping saw blade through the pages and sawing out a rectangle from the middle of the book, the individual will be left with a shell of the book's pages. The pages, when drilled out, should look like this: ________________________ | ____________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |__________________| | |______________________| (book covers omitted) This rectangle must be securely glued to the back cover of the book. After building his/her bomb, which usually is of the timer or radio controlled variety, the bomber places it inside the book. The bomb itself, and whatever timer or detonator is used, should be packed in foam to prevent it from rolling or shifting about. Finally, after the timer is set, or the radio control has been turned on, the front cover is glued closed, and the bomb is taken to its destination. 2.356 PHONE BOMBS The phone bomb is an explosive device that has been used in the past to kill or injure a specific individual. The basic idea is simple: when the person answers the phone, the bomb explodes. If a small but powerful high explosive device with a squib was placed in the phone receiver, when the current flowed through the receiver, the squib would explode, detonating the high explosive in the person's hand. Nasty. All that has to be done is acquire a squib, and tape the receiver switch down. Unscrew the mouthpiece cover, and remove the speaker, and connect the squib's leads where it was. Place a high explosive putty, such as C-1 (see section 3.31) in the receiver, and screw the cover on, making sure that the squib is surrounded by the C-1. Hang the phone up, and leave the tape in place. When the individual to whom the phone belongs attempts to answer the phone, he will notice the tape, and remove it. This will allow current to flow through the squib. Note that the device will not explode by merely making a phone call; the owner of the phone must lift up the receiver, and remove the tape. It is highly probable that the phone will be by his/her ear when the device explodes... Addendum 4/12/91: The above seems overly complicated to me... it would be better to rig the device as follows: _________ FIRST UNPLUG THE PHONE FROM THE WALL /|-------|\ Wire the detonator IN LINE with the wires going to the earpiece, ~ | | ~ (may need to wire it with a relay so the detonator can receive @@@@@@@@ the full line power, not just to audio power to the earpiece) @@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@ Pack C4 into the phone body (NOT the handset) and plug it back in. When they pick up the phone, power will flow through the circuit to the detonator.... 3 WEAPONS 3.1 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR PROJECTILE WEAPONS Explosive and/or poisoned ammunition is an important part of a social deviant's arsenal. Such ammunition gives the user a distinct advantage over individual who use normal ammunition, since a grazing hit is good enough to kill. Special ammunition can be made for many types of weapons, from crossbows to shotguns. 3.11 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR PRIMITIVE WEAPONS For the purposes of this publication, we will call any weapon primitive that does not employ burning gunpowder to propel a projectile forward. This means blowguns, bows and crossbows, and wristrockets. 3.111 BOW AND CROSSBOW AMMUNITION Bows and crossbows both fire arrows or bolts as ammunition. It is extremely simple to poison an arrow or bolt, but it is a more difficult matter to produce explosive arrows or bolts. If, however, one can acquire aluminum piping that is the same diameter of an arrow or crossbow bolt, the entire segment of piping can be converted into an explosive device that detonates upon impact, or with a fuse. All that need be done is find an aluminum tube of the right length and diameter, and plug the back end with tissue paper and epoxy. Fill the tube with any type of low-order explosive or sensitive high-order explosive up to about 1/2 an inch from the top. Cut a slot in the piece of tubing, and carefully squeeze the top of the tube into a round point, making sure to leave a small hole. Place a no. 11 percussion cap over the hole, and secure it with super glue. Finally, wrap the end of the device with electrical or duct tape, and make fins out of tape. Or, fins can be bought at a sporting goods store, and glued to the shaft. The finished product should look like: ____________ ___|____________\____________________ \ ---. /__ ________________________________---` |____________/ When the arrow or bolt strikes a hard surface, the percussion cap explodes, igniting or detonating the explosive. 3.112 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR BLOWGUNS The blowgun is an interesting weapon which has several advantages. A blowgun can be extremely accurate, concealable, and deliver an explosive or poisoned projectile. The manufacture of an explosive dart or projectile is not difficult. Perhaps the most simple design for such involves the use of a pill capsule, such as the kind that are taken for headaches or allergies. Such a capsule could easily be opened, and the medicine removed. Next, the capsule would be re-filled with an impact-sensitive explosive. An additional high explosive charge could be placed behind the impact-sensitive explosive, if one of the larger capsules were used. Finally, the explosive capsule would be reglued back together, and a tassel or cotton would be glued to the end containing the high explosive, to insure that the impact-detonating explosive struck the target first. Such a device would probably be about 3/4 of an inch long, not including the tassel or cotton, and look something like this: ____________________ /mercury | \----------------------- (fulminate| R.D.X. )---------------------- } tassels \________|___________/----------------------- 3.113 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR WRISTROCKETS AND SLINGSHOTS A modern wristrocket is a formidable weapon. It can throw a shooter marble about 500 ft. with reasonable accuracy. Inside of 200 ft., it could well be lethal to a man or animal, if it struck in a vital area. Because of the relatively large sized projectile that can be used in a wristrocket, the wristrocket can be adapted to throw relatively powerful explosive projectiles. A small segment of aluminum pipe could be made into an impact-detonating device by filling it with an impact-sensitive explosive material. Also, such a pipe could be filled with a low-order explosive, and fitted with a fuse, which would be lit before the device was shot. One would have to make sure that the fuse was of sufficient length to insure that the device did not explode before it reached its intended target. Finally, .22 caliber caps, such as the kind that are used in .22 caliber blank guns, make excellent exploding ammunition for wristrockets, but they must be used at a relatively close range, because of their light weight. 3.114 PORTABLE GRENADE LAUNCHER If you have a bow, this one is for you. Remove the ferrule from an aluminum arrow, and fill the arrow with black powder (I use grade FFFF, it burns easy)and then glue a shotshell primer into the hole left where the ferrule went. Next, glue a BB on the primer, and you are ready to go! Make sure no one is nearby.... Little shreds of aluminim go all over the place!! 3.12 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR FIREARMS When special ammunition is used in combination with the power and rapidity of modern firearms, it becomes very easy to take on a small army with a single weapon. It is possible to buy explosive ammunition, but that can be difficult to do. Such ammunition can also be manufactured in the home. There is, however, a risk involved with modifying any ammunition. If the ammunition is modified incorrectly, in such a way that it makes the bullet even the slightest bit wider, an explosion in the barrel of the weapon will occur. For this reason, NOBODY SHOULD EVER ATTEMPT TO MANUFACTURE SUCH AMMUNITION. 3.121 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR HANDGUNS If an individual wished to produce explosive ammunition for his/her handgun, he/she could do it, provided that the person had an impact-sensitive explosive and a few simple tools. One would first purchase all lead bullets, and then make or acquire an impact-detonating explosive. By drilling a hole in a lead bullet with a drill, a space could be created for the placement of an explosive. After filling the hole with an explosive, it would be sealed in the bullet with a drop of hot wax from a candle. A diagram of a completed exploding bullet is shown below. _o_ ------------ drop of wax /|*|\ | |*|-|----------- impact-sensitive explosive | |_| | |_____| This hollow space design also works for putting poison in bullets. 3.122 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR SHOTGUNS Because of their large bore and high power, it is possible to create some extremely powerful special ammunition for use in shotguns. If a shotgun shell is opened at the top, and the shot removed, the shell can be re-closed. Then, if one can find a very smooth, lightweight wooden dowel that is close to the bore width of the shotgun, a person can make several types of shotgun-launched weapons. Insert the dowel in the barrel of the shotgun with the shell without the shot in the firing chamber. Mark the dowel about six inches away from the end of the barrel, and remove it from the barrel. Next, decide what type of explosive or incendiary device is to be used. This device can be a chemical fire bottle (sect. 3.43), a pipe bomb (sect 4.42), or a thermite bomb (sect 3.41 and 4.42). After the device is made, it must be securely attached to the dowel. When this is done, place the dowel back in the shotgun. The bomb or incendiary device should be on the end of the dowel. Make sure that the device has a long enough fuse, light the fuse, and fire the shotgun. If the projectile is not too heavy, ranges of up to 300 ft are possible. A diagram of a shotgun projectile is shown below: ____ || | || | || | ----- bomb, securely taped to dowel || | ||__| || | || | ------- fuse || | || || || || --------- dowel || || || || --------- insert this end into shotgun || || 3.13 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR COMPRESSED AIR/GAS WEAPONS This section deals with the manufacture of special ammunition for compressed air or compressed gas weapons, such as pump B.B guns, CO2 B.B guns, and .22 cal pellet guns. These weapons, although usually thought of as kids toys, can be made into rather dangerous weapons. 3.131 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR B.B GUNS A B.B gun, for this manuscript, will be considered any type of rifle or pistol that uses compressed air or CO2 gas to fire a projectile with a caliber of .177, either B.B, or lead pellet. Such guns can have almost as high a muzzle velocity as a bullet-firing rifle. Because of the speed at which a .177 caliber projectile flies, an impact detonating projectile can easily be made that has a caliber of .177. Most ammunition for guns of greater than .22 caliber use primers to ignite the powder in the bullet. These primers can be bought at gun stores, since many people like to reload their own bullets. Such primers detonate when struck by the firing pin of a gun. They will also detonate if they are thrown at a hard surface at a great speed. Usually, they will also fit in the barrel of a .177 caliber gun. If they are inserted flat end first, they will detonate when the gun is fired at a hard surface. If such a primer is attached to a piece of thin metal tubing, such as that used in an antenna, the tube can be filled with an explosive, be sealed, and fired from a B.B gun. A diagram of such a projectile appears below: _____ primers _______ | | | | | | V V ______ ______ | ________________________ |------------------- | ****** explosive ******* |------------------- } tassel or | ________________________ |------------------- cotton |_____ _____|------------------- ^ | | |_______ antenna tubing The front primer is attached to the tubing with a drop of super glue. The tubing is then filled with an explosive, and the rear primer is glued on. Finally, a tassel, or a small piece of cotton is glued to the rear primer, to insure that the projectile strikes on the front primer. The entire projectile should be about 3/4 of an inch long. 3.132 SPECIAL AMMUNITION FOR .22 CALIBER PELLET GUNS A .22 caliber pellet gun usually is equivalent to a .22 cal rifle, at close ranges. Because of this, relatively large explosive projectiles can be adapted for use with .22 caliber air rifles. A design similar to that used in section 5.12 is suitable, since some capsules are about .22 caliber or smaller. Or, a design similar to that in section 5.31 could be used, only one would have to purchase black powder percussion caps, instead of ammunition primers, since there are percussion caps that are about .22 caliber. A #11 cap is too small, but anything larger will do nicely. 3.2 IMPROVISED WEAPONS 3.21 BOMBS 3.211 EXPEDIENT GRENADES The Cheshire Cat There are many possibilities in the field of grenade manufacture, but for the most part, when you're dealing with grenades that must be constructed of easily available materials, the quality and the safety of the grenade is reduced dramatically. Here I will deal with this problem, trying to produce a reasonable type of grenade that is relatively safe, can be stored and transported easily, but produces dramatic effects. I strongly suggest that if you find it possible, you are far better off getting a REAL grenade than trying to produce one yourself, but you can be the judge. As always, I want to note that this is all for educational purposes only, and I do not recommend anyone trying any of the following for real. The first thing you need is explosives. If you can't get black powder, or gun powder, or make your own plastic explosives (we know there sure are enough text files floating around to explain how to make all of the above!) than you're really in a for making a grenade of this type. You'll also need a coffee can, a smaller sized can (probably like an orange juice can, or V8), a coat hanger, and a fuse. As for explosives, mercury fulminate is extremely good for this sort of thing. You could probably get together a ton of firecrackers and take out the black powder (if you're desperate) or get a couple quarter sticks from someone. The explosive goes in the juice can. Don't pack it together too tight. Loose black powder is better than compressed. This is the main explosive. Cut up the coat hanger into little pieces approximately 1/2" long and fill up the coffee can until you can put the juice can in and the top of the juice can is level with the top of the coffee can. If you don't have the time, and need to fill up the space faster, chuck in a couple small rocks or pieces of glass, and stuff like that until you have the bottom of the can filled. Now place the juice can in the coffee can, and center it. Then fill the space around the coffee can with coat hanger stuff until the juice can is relatively stable. Put a model rocket fuse in the explosive in the juice can. Leave (at least) 3 1/2" to light from. If necessary, secure the juice can or the explosive with some masking tape, ect... as long as it doesn't interfere with the action of the grenade. Take the lid of the coffee can and cut a hole so that the fuse is exposed. You now have a fragmentation grenade. It might be a good idea to practice with a football for a while before trying to destroy the neighbor's garage with it. try OSB systems (215)-395-1291 an awesome AE/BBS. Later, The Cheshire Cat 3.212 MILK CARTON BOMB A milk carton bomb is relitively simple and safe. It's only purpose it to create a loud noise. The ingredients needed to make this are few and easy to aquire. You will need a plastic milk carton, lighter fluid(type used in cigarette lighters), a piece of paper, and a pair of chopsticks. If you can not obtain chop sticks, it's okay to substitute them with something that can hold the paper and is long enough so that you won't be harmed by the flames. After acquiring all of the ingredients, you can now start to make the bomb. The procedure is easy. First, puncture a hole at the bottom of the milk carton with a screw driver or equivalent. Next fill one-fourth of the milk carton with lighter fluid. Place the milk carton in a fairly large area outisde. Hold a piece of paper between the chopsticks and light the paper with a match. Cautiously place the lighted paper under the hole of the carton and BOOM! You have your loud explosion with little damage to the surrounding area. It would be a good idea to have some water handy to extinguish any flames. Be careful when doing this and have fun. 3.213 CARBIDE BOMB This is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. Exercise extreme caution.... Obtain some calcium carbide. This is the stuff that is used in carbide lamps and can be found at nearly any hardware store. Take a few pieces of this stuff (it looks like gravel) and put it in a glass jar with some water. Put a lid on tightly. The carbide will react with the water to produce acetylene carbonate which is similar to the gas used in cutting torches. Eventually the glass with explode from internal pressure. If you leave a burning rag nearby, you will get a nice fireball! 3.214 SOFT DRINK CAN BOMB This is an anti-personnel bomb meant for milling crowds. the bottom of a soft drink can is half cut out and bent back. a giant firecracker or other explosive is put in and surrounded with nuts and bolts or rocks. the fuse is then armed with a chemical delay in a plastic drinking straw. ! ! After first making sure there are no ! ! children nearby, the acid or glycerine ! ! <-CHEMICAL INGITER is put into the straw and the can is set ---- ---- down by a tree or wall where it will not ! !1! ! be knocked over. the delay should give ! ===== ! you three to five minutes. it will then !* ! ! "! have a shattering effect on passersby. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !<- BIG FIRECRACKER ! ! !% ! ! ==== ! ! ! ! # ! It is hardly likely that anyone would ! --- ! pick up and drink from someone else's ! ! ! <- NUTS & BOLTS soft drink can. but if such a crude ! / ! person should try to drink from your ! ! bomb he would break a nasty habit --------- fast! 3.215 HOW TO MAKE A PIPE BOMB Buy a section of metal water pipe 1/2 by 6 inches long, threaded on both ends. Buy two metal caps to fit. These are standard items in hardware stores. Drill a 1/16th hole in the center of the pipe. This is easy with a good drill bit. Hanson is a good brand to use. Screw a metal cap tightly on one end. Fill the pipe to within 1/2 inch of the top with black powder. Do not pack the powder. Don't even tap the bottom of the pipe to make it settle. You want the powder loose. For maximum explosive effect, you need dry, fine powder sitting loose in a very rigid container. Wipe off any powder that has gotten onto the top or threads of the pipe. Gently screw on the second cap. Hand tighten only. Place a small piece of tape over the hole and go to your test site. Remove the tape and insert a two inch piece of black match fuse or a firecracker fuse into the hole. Place the bomb behind a large rock or tree. Using thread or string, lightly tie a 2 inch piece of sulfured wick to the end of the fuse. Avoid letting the wick touch any objects. This might cause it to go out. Light the wick and head for cover in a direction that keeps the rock or tree between you and the bomb at all times. Get behind cover at least 50 yards away. You may not expect such a large explosion from such a small object. Be extra cautious until You have done this a time or two and it gets real what you are dealing with. The pipe will be blown to pieces which will fly through the air like bullets. An accident could seriously wound or kill you. This is not a big firecracker. It is more like a hand grenade. The size of the bomb can be increased by using a larger pipe and caps. To make a big noise without blowing up your pipe, cap one end only. Drill a 1/16 hole at the top of the threads at the capped end. Put in about 3 to 4 rounded teaspoonsful of powder. Pack about 2 inches of wadding on top of the powder. Toilet paper or kleenex is good for this. Pack it tight. Open up a safety pin and stick it into the hole. Work it around to loosen up the powder so a fuse can be inserted. When this goes off, the recoil will be tremendous. You will loose your pipe unless you brace it securely against something. The pipe can be reloaded and used again. A fun trick is to mount the pipe pointing upward. Drop a tin can over the open end and light the fuse. The can will be blown high into the air. Campbell's soup cans are great for this. 3.216 MINITURE CLAYMORE MINE _______________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Miniature Claymore Mine | | | | Brought To You By | | | | Jack The Ripper | | | |_____________________________________________________________________________| This is devasting and should be used in malls or other heavily trafficked areas. It has a kill range of 50 yards (half a football feild), and is one of the best I have seen, and it's fun to watch too! -=-=-=-=-=- -MATERIALS- -=-=-=-=-=- Name Source ---- ------ Potassium Chlorate Drug Stores and Chemical Supply Houses Nitrobenzene Drug Stores (Oil of Mirbane) and Chemical Supply Houses Measuring Container (Cup, Tablespoon, etc...) Double-Sided Adhesive Tape Small Alnico 5 Horseshoe Magnets Epoxy Resin A Lot of 1/4 Inch Ball Bearings Soap dishes consisting of two separate halves That fit together with the bottom half and the top half bevelled Flat board 36x36 and another flat board or Rolling Pin -=-=-=-=-=- -PROCEDURE- -=-=-=-=-=- 1) First off crush the Potassium Chlorate between the two boards or with the rolling pin until it is a very very very fine powder. 2) Fill the top half of the soap dish to a depth of 3/4 inch with 1/4 inch diameter ball bearings held together with a light coating of epoxy resin. 3) Now cut a hole in the bottom half and cover it with tape. The hole should be big enough for you to pour the nitrobenzene into later and big enough to fit a detonater into. 4) Now pack the bottom half tightly with Potassium Chlorate, very tightly leaving no extra room. 5) Now tape the two halves together tightly, and your pretty much done. -=-=-=- -USES!- -=-=-=- 1) When your ready to use your charge simply pour in the nitrobenzene. The correct ratio is 1 part by volume of nitrobenzene to 4 parts by volume of potassium chlorate. Now if you didn't read this through and keep track of the amount of potassium chlorate you used, then you fucked up and won't get optimum results. 2) Now allow the nitrobenzene to soak in for 4-6 minutes, and then insert your electronically initiated or time fused detonater into the hole. Now seal around the hole with epoxy resin 3) Now use the magnets and the tape to attach the charge 3 feet above the ground with the ball bearing side facing outward. 4) Now you can either use an egg timer or a stepswitch (Underground detonater activated by weight) or you can use the good old time fuse running into a mini-compound detonater. Later... Jack The Ripper 3.22 GUNS! 3.221 HOW TO MAKE A ICE GUN [][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][] [][][] [][][] [][][] A Step by Step Guide to Making a Dry Ice Gun [][][] [][][] [][][] [][][] By: The Voice Over [][][] [][][] [][][] [][][] A Metal Communications Presentation [][][] [][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][] Introduction: ------------ In the past, many people have experimented with the power generated by the conversion of dry ice into gaseous carbon dioxide. The most common use that I have seen is the dry ice bomb. The dry ice bomb is easily made by using a two liter plastic bottle, some hot water and some crushed dry ice. To make one, one simply puts about a cup and a half of crushed dry ice into the bottle, adds hot water, caps the bottle and throws it. These bombs are not a joke, and have been known to blow a metal trash can fifteen feet into the air, as well as bursting the bottom of the can. If you make a dry ice bomb, you had best throw it before it explodes due to the enormous force generated by the explosion of the bottle. A friend of mine waited a bit too long on throwing one, and he jammed three of his fingers badly, got a huge bruise on his left leg, and one of the plasic fragments was propelled with enough force to puncture his tennis shoes and cut his foot all to hell. In short, be careful with these things. One day in May of 1985, an idea was introduced to me by a friend. His plan was to control the force of the expanding dry ice and harness it to a useful end. The result was the dry ice gun. In following these plans, please keep in mind that when dry ice is finished expanding, it can generate pressures of up to 2400 PSI...for this reason, I recommend that when arming the gun and when disarming it, you hold all valves OPEN, and that you wear a pair of protective goggles at all times. I will take no responsibility for injury that occurs because of the content of this file, or through the use of this information. This information is intended for educational purposes ONLY. Materials needed: ---------------- The materials required will vary for each gun produced because of the nature of the construction itself and the effect produced by using different parts. The following parts, however, are necessary for a gun with moderate power and range: 1- Standard valve. I recommend the kind that is just a lever and turns 1/4 turn to open or close and has 3/4" connectors. 1- Blow gun (These can be found at auto parts stores... shop around a little and get one with the highest pressure rating you can find (probably 150 PSI)). This will be sometimes referred to as a valve also. 1- Length of hot water PVC piping...this will be used for the barrel. I recommend that you use 3/4" piping, because that is the kind that fits paint pellets of the type used in KILLER best. Note, however, that it is possible to launch anything up to the size of an egg with pleasing results, provided that the barrel is large enough in diameter. You will also 3ed various lengths of regular lead or steel piping (to construct the actual gun), and adapters to get the blow gun to fit the rest of the gun (blow guns usually have connectors that are 1/4" in diameter, while the rest of the gun (except the dry ice container) should be constructed with 3/4" fittings). You will also need an end cap to go on the end of your dry ice container and probably an elbow joint. Optional parts: -------------- 1- Standard valve (same kind as above, but with a shorter lever). 1- "T" joint with 3/4" connectors all around. 1- 6 or 7 inch length of 3/4" diameter pipe. 1- 3/4" end cap. Form-a-gasket and pipe dope Construction: ------------ Because of the nature of the gun, step-by-step plans are not possible. However, a diagram of the gun will give you an idea of what has to be done, and construction tips should prove enough to allow successful completion of the project. Diagram: ------- trigger (part of the blow gun) standard adaptor______________ : valve \ : : : : ______________________ : _ ; _____:______ ! !\__ __!___/! ! \ ! barrel ! __!__!__! ! O ! \ !______________________!/ / : : \!___I__!__ \ joint B____________/ : : : I \ \ blow gun_____________/ : : I / \ \ pressure chamber________/ : I / !_____!<-joint A adaptor____________________/ / ! ! elbow joint________________________/ /! ! dry ice container_____________________/ ! @ ! end cap_______________________________ _!_____!_ \!! !! +-------+ NOTES: 1- The dry ice container can be any size...the one I use is about 6 inches long by 2 inches in diameter. The larger the chamber is, the more shots the gun will fire before reloading is necessary. 2- The elbow joint can be left out...it will only make the gun in the shape of a straight rod rather than a "traditional" gun shape. 3- The barrel length can be any length you like, but very long ones are cumbersome and very short ones don't allow much accuracy. I recommend a length of about 2 1/2 to 3 feet. 4- all joints except the two marked 'A' and 'B' should be tightened as much as possible and sealed by coating the threads with the form-a-gasket and then putting the two pieces together and tightening them as much as possible. If you like, you can also caulk around the finished and tightened joint. 5- The joint marked 'B' should be tight, but DO NOT SEAL IT unless you do not intend to ever use more than one kind of barrel. 6- The joint marked 'A' should not be sealed with form-a- gasket like the others because it is the one that you will be filling the dry ice into the gun through. To fill the gun with dry ice, detach the dry ice chamber pipe from the elbow joint. Load the container with as much crushed dry ice as it will hold. Then, coat the threads of one of the pieces of the joint with pipe dope. This will prevent leakage of the carbon dioxide after it has changed into gaseous form. 7- The pressure chamber should be about 1 1/2 inches in length for a fairly powerful gun. The longer the pressure chamber is, the more powerful the gun. On a gun with a three inch pressure chamber, we shot a AA battery 500 (yes, hundred) feet across a parking lot. Such high power, however, is dangerous, and is not recommended for use in games such as Killer, but rather for target practice (on INANIMATE objects). How to operate the dry ice gun: ------------------------------ Once you have the dry ice gun built and loaded, the first thing you must do is to open the standard valve and immerse the gun in water. This is to check for leaks. If any leaks are present, they will show up as streams of bubbles rising from the gun. If any are found, tighten the offending joint and put the gun back in the water. When all leaks are gone (if necessary, take the whole thing apart and rebuild it from scratch to eliminate leaks, especially on either end of the pressure chamber), release the pressure built up so far by closing the standard valve and then operating the trigger. You should hear a 'woosh' sound, and tie gun should kick slightly. This indicates that all is working properly. When loading the dry ice gun, it is important to keep both valves OPEN until the dry ice container is secure, and then close both valves. Even after you are sure that the gun has no leaks anywhere, it is good to immerse the dry ice container (while it is attached to the gun) in water. This warms the dry ice and causes it to change into gaseous carbon dioxide. After the dry ice container has been immersed for 5 minutes or so, remove the gun from the water and dry it off. The gun is now ready to be fired. Firing the dry ice gun: ---------------------- This is the simplest step of all. To fire the gun simply place the projectile (I recommend paint pellets) in the barrel of the gun, open the standard valve for about a second and then close it. You should hear a muffled rush of air as some of the gaseous CO2 is bled into the pressure chamber. Aim the gun at who/whatever you wish to hit, and squeeze the trigger. For more power, you can leave the standard valve open and squeeze the trigger. Disarming the dry ice gun: ------------------------- To disarm the gun, open both valves until you can no longer hear the pressure escaping through the barrel of the gun. Then, unscrew the dry ice container and place it in cold water for about 3 to 4 minutes, or until all of the remaining dry ice has evaporated. When all of the dry ice is gone, clean the threads on the dry ice container and elbow joint, and store the gun in a clean, dry area. Suggested modifications: ----------------------- The only really nice modification that I've discovered is to replace the pressure chamber pipe with a "T" joint and valve so as to make a gun with long, medium, and short range capability. To do this, construct the pressure chamber section of the gun like this: ___adaptor I : ______________________________________ ________I___ _____ _ :/! ! I ___#__!o!/ ! ! I ! ! ! I ! ! "T" joint ! O ________! ! ! : \ ! ! : \!____________ _____________!____________ : ! ! ^ : !_____________! ! :__blow gun !______O______!<-standard standard ! I ! valve #2 valve #1 ! I ! ! I !<-short length _!______I______!_ of piping !! !! +---------------+ end cap_______/ What this does is make a pressure chamber with a variable length. The following chart shows the combinations in which the valves may be used to create different ranges. RANGE ! INSTRUCTIONS --------+-------------------------------------------------------- short ! Open valve number 1, hold it open for about a second, ! close it, and then open valve #2. --------+-------------------------------------------------------- medium ! Open valve number 1 for about a second and close it. ! Leave valve #2 closed. --------+-------------------------------------------------------- long ! Open valve #2 before opening valve #1. Open valve #1 ! for about a second, then close it. --------+-------------------------------------------------------- Have fun, Y'all!!! From Lunatic Labs UnLtd. 415-278-7421 4 ROCKETS AND CANNONS Rockets and cannon are generally thought of as heavy artillery. Perpetrators of violence do not usually employ such devices, because they are difficult or impossible to acquire. They are not, however, impossible to make. Any individual who can make or buy black powder or pyrodex can make such things. A terrorist with a cannon or large rocket is, indeed, something to fear. 4.1 ROCKETS Rockets were first developed by the Chinese several hundred years before the myth of christ began. They were used for entertainment, in the form of fireworks. They were not usually used for military purposes because they were inaccurate, expensive, and unpredictable. In modern times, however, rockets are used constantly by the military, since they are cheap, reliable, and have no recoil. Perpetrators of violence, fortunately, cannot obtain military rockets, but they can make or buy rocket engines. Model rocketry is a popular hobby of the space age, and to launch a rocket, an engine is required. Estes, a subsidiary of Damon, is the leading manufacturer of model rockets and rocket engines. Their most powerful engine, the "D" engine, can develop almost 12 lbs. of thrust; enough to send a relatively large explosive charge a significant distance. Other companies, such as Centuri, produce even larger rocket engines, which develop up to 30 lbs. of thrust. These model rocket engines are quite reliable, and are designed to be fired electrically. Most model rocket engines have three basic sections. The diagram below will help explain them. _________________________________________________________ |_________________________________________________________| -- cardboard \ clay | - - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . .|c| casing \_______| - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . |l| _______ - - - thrust - - - | smoke | eject |a| / clay | - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . .|y| /________|_____________________|_______|________|_|_______ |_________________________________________________________| -- cardboard casing The clay nozzle is where the igniter is inserted. When the area labeled "thrust" is ignited, the "thrust" material, usually a large single grain of a propellant such as black powder or pyrodex, burns, forcing large volumes of hot, rapidly expanding gasses out the narrow nozzle, pushing the rocket forward. After the material has been consumed, the smoke section of the engine is ignited. It is usually a slow-burning material, similar to black powder that has had various compounds added to it to produce visible smoke, usually black, white, or yellow in color. This section exists so that the rocket will be seen when it reaches its maximum altitude, or apogee. When it is burned up, it ignites the ejection charge, labeled "eject". The ejection charge is finely powdered black powder. It burns very rapidly, exploding, in effect. The explosion of the ejection charge pushes out the parachute of the model rocket. It could also be used to ignite the fuse of a bomb... Rocket engines have their own peculiar labeling system. Typical engine labels are: 1/4A-2T, 1/2A-3T, A8-3, B6-4, C6-7, and D12-5. The letter is an indicator of the power of an engine. "B" engines are twice as powerful as "A" engines, and "C" engines are twice as powerful as "B" engines, and so on. The number following the letter is the approximate thrust of the engine, in pounds. the final number and letter is the time delay, from the time that the thrust period of engine burn ends until the ejection charge fires; "3T" indicates a 3 second delay. NOTE: an extremely effective rocket propellant can be made by mixing aluminum dust with ammonium perchlorate and a very small amount of iron oxide. The mixture is bound together by an epoxy. 4.11 BASIC ROCKET BOMB A rocket bomb is simply what the name implies: a bomb that is delivered to its target by means of a rocket. Most people who would make such a device would use a model rocket engine to power the device. By cutting fins from balsa wood and gluing them to a large rocket engine, such as the Estes "C" engine, a basic rocket could be constructed. Then, by attaching a "crater maker", or CO2 cartridge bomb to the rocket, a bomb would be added. To insure that the fuse of the "crater maker" (see sect. 4.42) ignited, the clay over the ejection charge of the engine should be scraped off with a plastic tool. The fuse of the bomb should be touching the ejection charge, as shown below. ____________ rocket engine | _________ crater maker | | | | V | _______________________________V_ |_______________________________| ______________________ \ | - - - - - -|***|::::| /# # # # # # # # # # # \ \__| - - - - - -|***|::::| ___/ # # # # # # # # # # # \ __ - - - - - -|***|::::|---fuse--- # # explosive # # ) / | - - - - - -|***|::::| ___ # # # # # # # # # # # / /___|____________|___|____|____ \_______________________/ |_______________________________| thrust> - - - - - - smoke> *** ejection charge> :::: Duct tape is the best way to attach the crater maker to the rocket engine. Note in the diagram the absence of the clay over the ejection charge Many different types of explosive payloads can be attached to the rocket, such as a high explosive, an incendiary device, or a chemical fire bottle. Either four or three fins must be glued to the rocket engine to insure that the rocket flies straight. The fins should look like the following diagram: |\ | \ | \ | \ <--------- glue this to rocket engine | \ | \ | \ | | | | | | leading edge | -------> | | | | | trailing edge | | <-------- | | | | | | | | \_____/ The leading edge and trailing edge should be sanded with sandpaper so that they are rounded. This will help make the rocket fly straight. A two inch long section of a plastic straw can be attached to the rocket to launch it from. A clothes hanger can be cut and made into a launch rod. The segment of a plastic straw should be glued to the rocket engine adjacent to one of the fins of the rocket. A front view of a completed rocket bomb is shown below. | fin | <------ fin | | | | | | | __|__ | V / \ V ---------------| |--------------- \_____/ |o <----------- segment of plastic straw | | | <------ fin | | By cutting a coat hanger at the indicated arrows, and bending it, a launch rod can be made. After a fuse is inserted in the engine, the rocket is simply slid down the launch rod, which is put through the segment of plastic straw. The rocket should slide easily along a coathanger, such as the one illustated on the following page: ____ / \ | | cut here _____ | | | | | | / \ V / \ _________________/ \________________ / \ / \ /____________________________________________\ ^ | | and here ______| Bend wire to this shape: _______ insert into straw | | | V ____________________________________________ \ \ \ \ \ <--------- bend here to adjust flight angle | | | | | | <---------- put this end in ground | 4.12 LONG RANGE ROCKET BOMB Long range rockets can be made by using multi-stage rockets. Model rocket engines with an "0" for a time delay are designed for use in multi-stage rockets. An engine such as the D12-0 is an excellent example of such an engine. Immediately after the thrust period is over, the ejection charge explodes. If another engine is placed directly against the back of an "0" engine, the explosion of the ejection charge will send hot gasses and burning particles into the nozzle of the engine above it, and ignite the thrust section. This will push the used "0" engine off of the rocket, causing an overall loss of weight. The main advantage of a multi-stage rocket is that it loses weight as travels, and it gains velocity. A multi-stage rocket must be designed somewhat differently than a single stage rocket, since, in order for a rocket to fly straight, its center of gravity must be ahead of its center of drag. This is accomplished by adding weight to the front of the rocket, or by moving the center of drag back by putting fins on the rocket that are well behind the rocket. A diagram of a multi-stage rocket appears on the following page: ___ / \ | | | C | | M | ------ CM: Crater Maker | | | | |___| | | | | | | | C | ------ C6-5 rocket engine /| 6 |\ / | | | \ / | 5 | \ / |___| \ ---- fin / /| |\ \ / / | | \ \ / / | | \ \ / / | C | \ \ | / | 6 | \ | | / | | | \ | | / | 0 | \ | |/ |___| \| | / \ | \______/ ^ \______/ ------- fin | | | | C6-0 rocket engine The fuse is put in the bottom engine. Two, three, or even four stages can be added to a rocket bomb to give it a longer range. It is important, however, that for each additional stage, the fin area gets larger. 4.13 MULTIPLE WARHEAD ROCKET BOMBS "M.R.V." is an acronym for Multiple Reentry Vehicle. The concept is simple: put more than one explosive warhead on a single missile. This can be done without too much difficulty by anyone who knows how to make crater-makers and can buy rocket engines. By attaching crater makers with long fuses to a rocket, it is possible that a single rocket could deliver several explosive devices to a target. Such a rocket might look like the diagram on the following page: ___ / \ The crater makers are attached to | | the tube of rolled paper with tape. the | C | paper tube is made by rolling and gluing | M | a 4 inch by 8 inch piece of paper. The |___| tube is glued to the engine, and is ___| |___ filled with gunpowder or black powder. | | | | Small holes are punched in it, and the | | T | | fuses of the crater makers are inserted / \ | U | / \ in these holes. A crater maker is glued / \| B |/ \ to the open end of the tube, so that its | || E || | fuse is inside the tube. A fuse is | C || || C | inserted in the engine, or in the bottom | M || || M | engine if the rocket bomb is multi | ||___|| | stage, and the rocket is launched from \___/| E |\___/ the coathanger launcher, if a segment of | N | a plastic straw has been attached to it. /| G |\ / | I | \ / | N | \ / | E | \ / |___| \ / fin/ | \ fin\ | / | \ | \__/ | \__/ ^ |____ fin 4.2 CANNON The cannon is a piece of artillery that has been in use since the 11th century. It is not unlike a musket, in that it is filled with powder, loaded, and fired. Cannons of this sort must also be cleaned after each shot, otherwise, the projectile may jam in the barrel when it is fired, causing the barrel to explode. A sociopath could build a cannon without too much trouble, if he/she had a little bit of money, and some patience. 4.21 BASIC PIPE CANNON A simple cannon can be made from a thick pipe by almost anyone. The only difficult part is finding a pipe that is extremely smooth on its interior. This is absolutely necessary; otherwise, the projectile may jam. Copper or aluminum piping is usually smooth enough, but it must also be extremely thick to withstand the pressure developed by the expanding hot gasses in a cannon. If one uses a projectile such as a CO2 cartridge, since such a projectile can be made to explode, a pipe that is about 1.5 - 2 feet long is ideal. Such a pipe MUST have walls that are at least 1/3 to 1/2 an inch thick, and be very smooth on the interior. If possible, screw an endplug into the pipe. Otherwise, the pipe must be crimped and folded closed, without cracking or tearing the pipe. A small hole is drilled in the back of the pipe near the crimp or endplug. Then, all that need be done is fill the pipe with about two teaspoons of grade blackpowder or pyrodex, insert a fuse, pack it lightly by ramming a wad of tissue paper down the barrel, and drop in a CO2 cartridge. Brace the cannon securely against a strong structure, light the fuse, and run. If the person is lucky, he will not have overcharged the cannon, and he will not be hit by pieces of exploding barrel. Such a cannon would look like this: __________________ fuse hole | | V ________________________________________________________________ |_______________________________________________________________| |endplug|powder|t.p.| CO2 cartridge | ______|______|____|____________________________________________ |_|______________________________________________________________| An exploding projectile can be made for this type of cannon with a CO2 cartridge. It is relatively simple to do. Just make a crater maker, and construct it such that the fuse projects about an inch from the end of the cartridge. Then, wrap the fuse with duct tape, covering it entirely, except for a small amount at the end. Put this in the pipe cannon without using a tissue paper packing wad. ___ When the cannon is fired, it ( ) will ignite the end of the |C | fuse, and shoot the CO2 | M| cartridge. The | | explosive-filled cartridge | | will explode in about three \ / seconds, if all goes well. [] <--- taped fuse Such a projectile would look [] like this: [] ! <--- Bare fuse (add matchheads) 4.22 ROCKET FIRING CANNON ___ A rocket firing cannon can be made exactly like a / \ normal cannon; the only difference is the ammunition. A | | rocket fired from a cannon will fly further than a rocket | C | alone, since the action of shooting it overcomes the | M | initial inertia. A rocket that is launched when it is | | moving will go further than one that is launched when it | | is stationary. Such a rocket would resemble a normal |___| rocket bomb, except it would have no fins. It would look | E | like the image to the left. | N | | G | the fuse on such a device would, obviously, be short, | I | but it would not be ignited until the rocket's ejection | N | charge exploded. Thus, the delay before the ejection | E | charge, in effect, becomes the delay before the bomb |___| explodes. Note that no fuse need be put in the rocket; the burning powder in the cannon will ignite it, and simultaneously push the rocket out of the cannon at a high velocity. 4.23 TENNIS BALL CANNONS At this time (twelve years ago) most soft drink cans were rolled tin rather than the molded aluminum. We would cut the tops and bottoms off of a bunch of them and tape them together with duct tape, forming a tube of two feet or more. At the end we would tape a can with the bottom intact, more holes punched (with a can opener) around the top, and a small hole in the side at the base. We then fastened this contraption to a tripod so we could aim it reliably. Any object that came somewhat close to filling the tube was then placed therein. In the shop, we used the clock as a target and an empty plastic solder spool as ammunition, with tape over the ends of the center hole and sometimes filled with washers for weight. When taken to parties or picnics, we would use whatever was handy. Hot dog rolls or napkins filled with potato chips provided spectacular entertainment. Once loaded, a small amount of lighter fluid was poured into the hole in the side of the end can and allowed to vaporize for a few moments. The "fire control technician" would announce "Fire in the Hole" and ignite it. BOOM! Whoosh! The clock never worked after that! ---------- Our version of the potatoe chip cannon, was built similarly. Ours used coke cans, six with the top and bottom removed, and the seventh had church key holes all around one end. This was spiral wrapped with at least two rolls of duct tape. A wooden shoulder rest and forward hand grip was taped to the tube. For ignition we used lantern batteries to a model-t coil, actuated by a push button on the hand grip. A fresh wilson tennis ball was stuffed all the way back to the grid, and a drop or two of lighter fluid was dropped in one of two holes in the end. The ignition wire was poked through the other hole. We would then lie in ambush, waiting for somthing to move. When fired with the proper air/fuel mixture, a satisfying thoomp! At maximum range the ball would travel about 100 yards with a 45 degree launch angle. Closer up the ball would leave a welt on an warring opponent. When launched at a moving car the thud as it hit the door would generally rattle anyone inside. Luckily we never completed the one that shot golf balls. 5 PYROTECHNICA ERRATA There are many other types of pyrotechnics that a perpetrator of violence might employ. Smoke bombs can be purchased in magic stores, and large military smoke bombs can be bought through ads in gun and military magazines. Also, fireworks can also be used as weapons of terror. A large aerial display rocket would cause many injuries if it were to be fired so that it landed on the ground near a crowd of people. Even the "harmless" pull-string fireworks, which consists of a sort of firecracker that explodes when the strings running through it are pulled, could be placed inside a large charge of a sensitive high explosive. Tear gas is another material that might well be useful to the sociopath, and such a material could be instantly disseminated over a large crowd by means of a rocket-bomb, with nasty effects. 5.1 SMOKE BOMBS One type of pyrotechnic device that might be employed by a terrorist in many way would be a smoke bomb. Such a device could conceal the getaway route, or cause a diversion, or simply provide cover. Such a device, were it to produce enough smoke that smelled bad enough, could force the evacuation of a building, for example. Smoke bombs are not difficult to make. Although the military smoke bombs employ powdered white phosphorus or titanium compounds, such materials are usually unavailable to even the most well-equipped terrorist. Instead, he/she would have to make the smoke bomb for themselves. Most homemade smoke bombs usually employ some type of base powder, such as black powder or pyrodex, to support combustion. The base material will burn well, and provide heat to cause the other materials in the device to burn, but not completely or cleanly. Table sugar, mixed with sulfur and a base material, produces large amounts of smoke. Sawdust, especially if it has a small amount of oil in it, and a base powder works well also. Other excellent smoke ingredients are small pieces of rubber, finely ground plastics, and many chemical mixtures. The material in road flares can be mixed with sugar and sulfur and a base powder produces much smoke. Most of the fuel-oxodizer mixtures, if the ratio is not correct, produce much smoke when added to a base powder. The list of possibilities goes on and on. The trick to a successful smoke bomb also lies in the container used. A plastic cylinder works well, and contributes to the smoke produced. The hole in the smoke bomb where the fuse enters must be large enough to allow the material to burn without causing an explosion. This is another plus for plastic containers, since they will melt and burn when the smoke material ignites, producing an opening large enough to prevent an explosion. 5.11 SIMPLE SMOKE/STINK BOMB Simple smoke/stink bomb- you can purchaase sulphur at a drugstore under the name flowers of sulphur. now when sulphur burns it will give off a very strong odor and plenty of smoke. now all you need is a fuse from a firecracker, a tin can, and the sulphur. fill the can with sulphur(pack very lightly), put aluninum foil over the top of the can, poke a small hole into the foil, insert the wick, and light it and get out of the room if you value your lungs. you can find many uses for this (or at least i hope so). 5.12 SIMPLE SMOKE BOMB Needed : Sugar Epson Salts 1.) Mix the ingredients, 3 parts sugar, 6 parts epson salts. 2.) Put the mixture in a tin container and heat it with a lighter. 3.) When it has turned into a gel, put a fuse in it (a match will do). 4.) Let the gel harden. 5.13 SMOKE SMOKE SMOKE... The following reaction should produce a fair amount of smoke. Since this reaction is not all that dangerous you can use larger amounts if necessary 6 pt. ZINC POWDER 1 pt. SULFUR POWDER Insert a red hot wire into the pile, step back. There are many other experiments I could have included, but i will save them for the next chemist's corner article. upcoming articles will include glow-in-the-dark reactions, 'party' reactions, things you can do with household chemicals , etc... I would like to give credit to a book by shakashari entitled "Chemical demonstrations" for a few of the precise amounts of chemicals in some experiments. ...ZAPHOD BEEBLEBROX/MPG! 5.2 COLORED FLAMES Colored flames can often be used as a signaling device for terrorists. by putting a ball of colored flame material in a rocket; the rocket, when the ejection charge fires, will send out a burning colored ball. The materials that produce the different colors of flames appear below. COLOR MATERIAL USED IN red strontium road flares, salts red sparklers (strontium nitrate) green barium salts green sparklers (barium nitrate) yellow sodium salts gold sparklers (sodium nitrate) blue powdered copper blue sparklers, old pennies white powdered magnesium firestarters, or aluminum aluminum foil purple potassium permanganate purple fountains, treating sewage 5.3 TEAR GAS A terrorist who could make tear gas or some similar compound could use it with ease against a large number of people. Tear gas is fairly complicated to make, however, and this prevents such individuals from being able to utilize its great potential for harm. One method for its preparation is shown below. EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING TEAR GAS _________ 1. ring stands (2) 7. clamp holder 2. alcohol burner 8. condenser 3. erlenmeyer flask, 300 ml 9. rubber tubing 4. clamps (2) 10. collecting flask 5. rubber stopper 11. air trap 6. glass tubing 12. beaker, 300 ml MATERIALS _________ 10 gms glycerine 2 gms sodium bisulfate distilled water 1.) In an open area, wearing a gas mask, mix 10 gms of glycerine with 2 gms of sodium bisulfate in the 300 ml erlenmeyer flask. 2.) Light the alcohol burner, and gently heat the flask. 3.) The mixture will begin to bubble and froth; these bubbles are tear gas. 4.) When the mixture being heated ceases to froth and generate gas, or a brown residue becomes visible in the tube, the reaction is complete. Remove the heat source, and dispose of the heated mixture, as it is corrosive. 5.) The material that condenses in the condenser and drips into the collecting flask is tear gas. It must be capped tightly, and stored in a safe place. 5.31 LAUGHING GAS As a special treat for the dopers in the audience and since ammonium nitrate has been on your mind for a few minutes, you might as well learn how to make laughing gas from ammonium nitrate. Laughing gas was one of the earliest anaesthetics. After a little while of inhaling the gas the patient became so happy [ain't life great?] he couldn't keep from laughing. Finally he would drift off to a pleasant sleep. Some do-it-yourselfers have died while taking laughing gas. This is because they has generated it through plastic bags while their heads were inside. They were simply suffocating but were too bombed out to realize it. The trick is to have a plastic clothes bag in which you generate a lot of the gas. Then you stop generating the gas and hold a small opening of the bag under your nose, getting plenty of oxygen in the meantime. Then, Whee! To make it you start with ammonium nitrate bought from a chemical supply house or which you have purified with 100% rubbing or wood alcohol. First, dissolve a quantity of ammonium nitrate in some water. Then you evaporate the water over the stove, while stirring, until you have a heavy brine. When nearly all the moisture is out it should solidify instantly when a drop is put on an ice cold metal plate. When ready, dump it all out on a very cold surface. After a while, break it up and store it in a bottle. A spoonful is put into a flask with a one-hole stopper, with a tube leading into a big plastic bag. The flask is heated with an alcohol lamp. When the temperature in the flask reaches 480 F the gas will generate. If white fumes appear the heat should be lowered as the stuff explodes at 600 F. When the bag is filled, stop the action and get ready to turn on. Addendum 4/12/91: N2O supplants oxygen in your blood, but you don't realize it. It's easy to die from N2O because you're suffocating and your breathing reflex doesn't know it. SO: Do not put your head in a plastic bag (duhh...) because you will cheerfully choke to death. 5.4 FIREWORKS While fireworks cannot really be used as an effective means of terror, they do have some value as distractions or incendiaries. There are several basic types of fireworks that can be made in the home, whether for fun, profit, or nasty uses. 5.41 FIRECRACKERS A simple firecracker can be made from cardboard tubing and epoxy. The instructions are below: 1) Cut a small piece of cardboard tubing from the tube you are using. "Small" means anything less than 4 times the diameter of the tube. 2) Set the section of tubing down on a piece of wax paper, and fill it with epoxy and the drying agent to a height of 3/4 the diameter of the tubing. Allow the epoxy to dry to maximum hardness, as specified on the package. 3) When it is dry, put a small hole in the middle of the tube, and insert a desired length of fuse. 4) Fill the tube with any type of flame-sensitive explosive. Flash powder, pyrodex, black powder, potassium picrate, lead azide, nitrocellulose, or any of the fast burning fuel-oxodizer mixtures will do nicely. Fill the tube almost to the top. 5) Pack the explosive tightly in the tube with a wad of tissue paper and a pencil or other suitable ramrod. Be sure to leave enough space for more epoxy. 6) Fill the remainder of the tube with the epoxy and hardener, and allow it to dry. 7) For those who wish to make spectacular firecrackers, always use flash powder, mixed with a small amount of other material for colors. By crushing the material on a sparkler, and adding it to the flash powder, the explosion will be the same color as the sparkler. By adding small chunks of sparkler material, the device will throw out colored burning sparks, of the same color as the sparkler. By adding powdered iron, orange sparks will be produced. White sparks can be produced from magnesium shavings, or from small, LIGHTLY crumpled balls of aluminum foil. Example: Suppose I wish to make a firecracker that will explode with a red flash, and throw out white sparks. First, I would take a road flare, and finely powder the material inside it. Or, I could take a red sparkler, and finely powder it. Then, I would mix a small amount of this material with the flash powder. (NOTE: FLASH POWDER MAY REACT WITH SOME MATERIALS THAT IT IS MIXED WITH, AND EXPLODE SPONTANEOUSLY!) I would mix it in a ratio of 9 parts flash powder to 1 part of flare or sparkler material, and add about 15 small balls of aluminum foil I would store the material in a plastic bag overnight outside of the house, to make sure that the stuff doesn't react. Then, in the morning, I would test a small amount of it, and if it was satisfactory, I would put it in the firecracker. 8) If this type of firecracker is mounted on a rocket engine, professional to semi-professional displays can be produced. 5.42 SKYROCKETS An impressive home made skyrocket can easily be made in the home from model rocket engines. Estes engines are recommended. 1) Buy an Estes Model Rocket Engine of the desired size, remembering that the power doubles with each letter. (See sect. 6.1 for details) 2) Either buy a section of body tube for model rockets that exactly fits the engine, or make a tube from several thicknesses of paper and glue. 3) Scrape out the clay backing on the back of the engine, so that the powder is exposed. Glue the tube to the engine, so that the tube covers at least half the engine. Pour a small charge of flash powder in the tube, about 1/2 an inch. 4) By adding materials as detailed in the section on firecrackers, various types of effects can be produced. 5) By putting Jumping Jacks or bottle rockets without the stick in the tube, spectacular displays with moving fireballs or M.R.V.'s can be produced. 6) Finally, by mounting many home made firecrackers on the tube with the fuses in the tube, multiple colored bursts can be made. 5.43 ROMAN CANDLES Roman candles are impressive to watch. They are relatively difficult to make, compared to the other types of home-made fireworks, but they are well worth the trouble. 1) Buy a 1/2 inch thick model rocket body tube, and reinforce it with several layers of paper and/or masking tape. This must be done to prevent the tube from exploding. Cut the tube into about 10 inch lengths. 2) Put the tube on a sheet of wax paper, and seal one end with epoxy and the drying agent. About 1/2 of an inch is sufficient. 3) Put a hole in the tube just above the bottom layer of epoxy, and insert a desired length of water proof fuse. Make sure that the fuse fits tightly. 4) Pour about 1 inch of pyrodex or gunpowder down the open end of the tube. 5) Make a ball by powdering about two 6 inch sparklers of the desired color. Mix this powder with a small amount of flash powder and a small amount of pyrodex, to have a final ratio (by volume) of 60% sparkler material / 20% flash powder / 20% pyrodex. After mixing the powders well, add water, one drop at a time, and mixing continuously, until a damp paste is formed. This paste should be moldable by hand, and should retain its shape when left alone. Make a ball out of the paste that just fits into the tube. Allow the ball to dry. 6) When it is dry, drop the ball down the tube. It should slide down fairly easily. Put a small wad of tissue paper in the tube, and pack it gently against the ball with a pencil. 7) When ready to use, put the candle in a hole in the ground, pointed in a safe direction, light the fuse, and run. If the device works, a colored fireball should shoot out of the tube to a height of about 30 feet. This height can be increased by adding a slightly larger powder charge in step 4, or by using a slightly longer tube. 8) If the ball does not ignite, add slightly more pyrodex in step 5. 9) The balls made for roman candles also function very well in rockets, producing an effect of falling colored fireballs. 6 USEFUL CHEMISTRY 6.1 POISONS A method of assasinatin that have been used through the ages is the use of poisons. These can be inhaled, injected, imbibed, absorbed, or eaten. 6.11 LIST OF POISONS Acrylonitrile (cyanid-like) Aniline (inhaled or absorbed) Antimony trichloride (vapor) Arsenic (Paris Green, Rat Poison, Ant Paste, Fowler's Solution) Atropine (Bella Donna, Homatropine, Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, Jimson Weed, Scopolamine) Amytal Benzidine Black Leaf 40 (nicotine) Bromine (vapor) Cadmium (vapor) Cantharrides (Spanish Fly) Cabon Disulfide (vapor, liquid) Carbon tetrachloride (phosgene vapor) Cathartic pills Cherry Laurel Water (Cyanide) Chloronitrobenzine Copper Sulfate (Bluestone) Curare (Introcostrin, used by vets.) Cyanogen Ethylene Chlorohydrin (liquid, vapor) Ethyl mercury chloride (liquid, solid, vapor) Fire Extinguisher fluid Roach Poisons Freon (when heated by flame) Metallic hybrides (Arsine, Phosphine, Stipine gasses) Morphine Nicotine sulfate Nitrobenzene Oxalic Acid & Oxalates Parathion (E-605, Thiphos, Thiophospate) Phosphorus-white (Fireworks & foreign match heads, rat poisons) Phosgene (Carbon tet., Chloroform in contact with flame) Tetrachloroethane (acetyle tetrachloride) Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) Thallium (Thalgrain rat poison) Toxaphene (Chlorinated camphene) Toluidine (vapor) Weed killers (2,4-D) 6.2 DRUGS I do not recoment the use of drugs in any way, and I take no responsibility for what could be the result of using any of these recipies. 6.21 BANANDINE (MADE FROM BANANA!) BANANAS DO CONTAIN A SMALL QUANTITY OF A MILD SHORT LASTING PSYCHODELIC DRUG. THERE ARE BETTER WAYS OF GETTING HIGH BUT THE GREAT ADVANTAGE OF THIS IS THAT BANANAS ARE LEGAL (FOR NOW) 1] OBTAIN 15 LBS OF RIPE YELLOW BANANAS 2] PEEL THEM ALL, EAT THE CHOW, KEEP THE PEELS. 3] WITH A SHARP KNIFE, SCRAPE OFF THE INSIDES OF THE PEELINGS, AND SAVE THE SCRAPED MATERIAL. 4] PUT ALL SCRAPED MATERIAL IN A LARGE POT AND ADD WATER. BOIL FOR THREE TO FOUR HOURS UNTIL IT HAS ATTAINED A SOLID PASTE. 5] SPREAD THIS PASTE ON COOKIE SHEETS AND DRY IN OVEN FOR ABOUT 20 MIN. TO A HALF AN HOUR. THIS WILL RESULT IN A FINE BLACK POWDER ROLL IT UP AND SMOKE ABOUT 3-4 OF THOSE DUDES 6.22 PEANUTS! 1] OBTAIN A POUND OF PEANUTS. 2] SHELL THEM, SAVING THE SKINS AND DISCARDING THE SHELLS. 3] PORK OUT ON THE NUTS WHILE WATCHING David Letterman ONE NIGHT. 4] GRIND UP THE SKINS, ROLL THEM, SMOKE THEM. 6.23 MARIJUANA Any fool can grow their own marijuana.... just plant the seeds in a warm, sunny and not too public place, water and fertilize as you would any other plant, and in a short while you'll have your own homegrown weed. I've heard that you can kill mites by soaking some tobacco (buy a pack of plain pipe tobacco) in water, and spraying it on the leaves (you don't want to use toxic chemicals on something you're going to smoke later) If you're not used to the stuff, cut it with 50% tobacco, and smoke it in a filtered pipe or use the mixture to refill a cigarette- the tar content is MUCH higher than that of a regular cigarrette. Remember, cultivation is a FEDERAL crime, so if you can do it at home, just pick a room with no windows, and put in some grow lights (sodium vapor lamps are reputed to be the best- steal a couple streetlights) and a water spigot. 7 USEFUL TECHNIQUES 7.1 LOCKPICKING If it becomes necessary to pick a lock to enter a lab, the world's most effective lockpick is dynamite, followed by a sledgehammer. There are unfortu- nately, problems with noise and excess structural damage with these methods. The next best thing, however, is a set of army issue lockpicks. These, unfortunately, are difficult to acquire. 7.11 PICKING LOCKS THE EASY WAY If the door to a lab is locked, but the deadbolt is not engaged, then there are other possibilities. The rule here is: if one can see the latch, one can open the door. There are several devices which facilitate freeing the latch from its hole in the wall. Dental tools, stiff wire ( 20 gauge ), specially bent aluminum from cans, thin pocketknives, and credit cards are the tools of the trade. The way that all these tools and devices are uses is similar: pull, push, or otherwise move the latch out of its hole in the wall, and pull the door open. This is done by sliding whatever tool that you are using behind the latch, and pulling the latch out from the wall. To make an aluminum-can lockpick, terrorists can use an aluminum can and carefully cut off the can top and bottom. Cut off the cans' ragged ends. Then, cut the open-ended cylinder so that it can be flattened out into a single long rectangle. This should then be cut into inch wide strips. Fold the strips in 1/4 inch increments (1). One will have a long quadruple-thick 1/4 inch wide strip of aluminum. This should be folded into an L-shape, a J-shape, or a U- shape. This is done by folding. The pieces would look like this: (1) _______________________________________________________ v 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | 1 inch 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | 1/4 |_______________________________________________________| | ^ Fold along lines to make a single quadruple-thick piece of aluminum. This should then be folded to produce an L,J,or U shaped device that looks like this: ________________________________________ /________________________________________| | | | | L-shaped | | | | |_| _____________________________ / ___________________________| | | | | J-shaped | | | |________ \________| _____________________ / ___________________| | | | | | | U-shaped | | | |____________________ \____________________| All of these devices should be used to hook the latch of a door and pull the latch out of its hole. The folds in the lockpicks will be between the door and the wall, and so the device will not unfold, if it is made properly. Addendum 4/12/91 Another method of forced entry is to use an automobile jack to force the frame around the door out of shape, freeing the latch or exposing it to the above methods. This is possible because most door frames are designed with a slight amount of "give". Simply put the jack into position horizontally across the frame in the vicinty of the latch, and jack it out. If the frame is wood it may be possible to remove the jack after shutting the door, which will relock the door and leave few signs of forced entry. 7.12 PICKING COMBINATION LOCKS Ok, so ya say ya wanna learn how to pick combination locks...This text file should help you. As a matter of fact, if ya do it right, it will help you. First of all, let me tell you about the set-up of a lock. When the lock is locked, there is a curved piece of metal wedged inside the little notch on the horseshoe shaped bar that is pushed in to the lock when you lock it. To free this wedge, you usually have to turn the lock to the desired combination and the pressure on the wedge is released therefore letting the lock open. I will now tell you how to make a pick so you can open a lock without having to waste all that time turning the combination (this also helps when ya don't know the combination to begin with). First of all, ya need to find a hairpin. What's a hairpin? Well, just ask your mom. She will have one. If she asks what its for, say ya gotta hold something together... If she says use a rubberband or use a paperclip, go to the store and rip off a box of 50 or so. Once you have your hair pin (make sure it's metal), take the ridged side and break it off right before it starts to make a U-turn onto the straight side. The curved part t can now be used as a handle. Now, using a file, file down the other end until it is fairly thin. You should do this to many hairpins and file them so they are of different thicknesses so you can pick various locks. Some locks are so cheap that ya don't even have ta file! But most are not. Ok, now you have a lock pick. Now if ya haven't figured it out, here's how ya use it. You look at a lock to see which side the lock opens from. If you can't tell, you will just have to try both sides. When ya find out what side it opens from, , take the lock pick and stick the filed end into the inside of the horseshoe-shaped bar on whichever side the lock opens from. Now, put pressure on the handle of the lock pick (pushing down, into the crack) and pull the lock up and down. The lock will then open because the pick separated the wedge and the notch allowing us thieves to open it. Don't say bullshit until you've tried it. Because I have gotten lots of beer money from doin' this to fellow students' gym lockers. Also, this technique works best on American locks. I have never picked a Master lock before because of the shape a pressure of the wedge but if anyone does it, let me know how long it took. Also, the Master lock casing is very tight so ya can't get the pick in. So, if you're locking something valuable up, use a Master, cuz at least ya know I won't be picking it and I'm sure there aren't that many that could. And when I say pick, i don't mean lighting a stick of dynamite next to the lock, picking is opening a lock without using force, making a substitute key, etc... If any of you believe that this information is not sufficient for picking an American lock, or any other kind besides Master, leave me a message at /\/\etallant 1 (503) 538-0761. This concludes my text file on picking combination locks. My next text file will probably be "Picking key locks". See ya later, The Byte basher. 7.13 HOW TO PICK MASTER LOCKS By Gin Fizz & Ninja NYC Have you ever tried to impress your friends by picking one of those Master combination locks and failed? Well then read on. The Master lock company has made this kind of lock with a protection scheme. If you pull the handle of it hard, the knob won't turn. That was their biggest mistake...... Ok, now on to it. 1st number. Get out any of the Master locks so you know what's going on. 1: The handle part (the part that springs open when you get the combination), pull on it, but not enough so that the knob won't move. 2: While pulling on it turn the knob to the left until it won't move any more. Then add 5 to this number. Congradulations, you now have the 1st number. 2nd number. (a lot tougher) Ok, spin the dial around a couple of times, then go to the 1st number you got, then turn it to the right, bypassing the 1st number once. WHEN you have bypassed. Start pulling the handle and turning it. It will eventually fall into the groove and lock. While in the groove pull on it and turn the knob. If it is loose go to the next groove; if it's stiff you got the second number. 3rd number: After getting the 2nd, spin the dial, then enter the 2 numbers, then after the 2nd, go to the right and at all the numbers pull on it. The lock will eventually open if you did it right. If can't do it the first time, be patient, it takes time. Addendum 4/12/91: I've tried this, and it no longer seems to work (master wised up) HOWEVER- the "MASTER warded padlock" locks are easily picked... These are the lock with the keys that look like this: _ _ / \_[]_[]__[]_[] A cross section looks like this: \_/ \ \_/ [] [] [] [] Just file the key down so it looks like this: _ _ / \___________[] A cross section looks like this: ~~~~~ \_/ [] Now you can bypass the wards... sometimes you have to pull the key up and down, turning as you pass each block, to release the latch. *End Addendum 7.2 HOW TO COUNTERFEIT Written by The Wave This article deals with how to make counterfeit money. Before reading this article it would be a very good idea to get a book about photo-offset printing, for that's how you'll have to print it. For someone who is familiar with offset printing, printing money is a breeze. Real money is made by a process called gravure. It involves carving out of a metal block (but I don't think anyone can do that by hand-if you can, you should be on That's Incredible!). When you are done (if you did everything correctly) you will have a finished product nearly identical to real money, depending on your printing skills. Well, let's get started! First I'd like to tell you briefly how offset printing works. It starts by making negatives (kind of like when you take a picture with your camera). Then you take the negatives and put them on a piece of masking material ( usually orange). Then you expose the STRIPPED negatives or FLATS to a lithographic plate with an arc light plate maker. The BURNED plates are then developed with the proper developer chemical. These plates (one at a time of course) are wrapped around the plate cylinder of the press. The press to use should be an 11 by 14 (or so) offset such as the 11 by 17 AB Dick 360. Then the printing begins! To learn in detail how to do each of these steps you should again get a book on the subject. The presswork takes some practice, but you'll get the hang of it. BTW you can pick up an 11 by 14 offset for about $500 if you shop around (or you can ** BORROW ** a press from your local Insty Prints at about 3:00 in the morning!). First, like I said before, you need negatives. Make 2 negatives of the portrait side of the bill and 1 of the back side. After developing them and letting them dry, take them to a light table. Get some opaque and, on one of the portrait sides, touch out all the green (the seal and the serial numbers). Line that one up on the FLAT and leave about 1/2 inch from the top of the flat. Then for the other portrait, touch out everything BUT the seal and serial numbers. The back side doesn't require any retouching because it is all one color. Now, make sure all the negatives are lined up right, or REGISTERED, on the flats. By the way, every time you need another serial number, just shoot 1 neg. of the portrait side and cut out the serial number. Cut out the old serial number from the flat and replace it with the new one. Ok, now you have 3 flats, each represents a different color-black and 2 shades of green (which of course are made by mixing inks). Now you are ready to burn the plates. Take a lithographic plate and mark 3 marks on it. These marks must be 2 & 9/16 in. apart, starting on one of the short edges. Do the same thing to 2 more plates. Then take 1 of the flats and place it on the plate, lining the short edge up with the edge of the plate-EXACTLY! Burn it, move it up to the next mark, and cover up the exposed area you already burned. Burn that and do the same thing 2 more times-moving the flat up one mark. Then do the same process with the other 2 flats (each on a separate plate). Develope all 3 plates. You should have 4 images on each plate with an equal space between each bill. Roll the Presses! The paper you will need won't match exactly, but you can make it pretty damn close (close enough for the cashier at K-Mart!). The paper to use should have a 25% rag content. I have found that Disaperf computer paper works great - that's the kind that you can barely see the perforation. Take this paper (cut the pinfeed holes off first!) and load it into the press. Be sure to set the air, buckle, and paper thickness right. Start with the black plate (the one with out the serial numbers). Wrap it around the cylinder and load black ink in. Make sure you run more than you need because there will be a lot of rejects. Then, while that's printing, mix the inks for the serial #'s and the back side. You'll need to add some white and maybe yellow to the serial # ink. You need to add black to back side. Experiment till you get it right. Clean the press and print the other side. Now you have the bill with no green seal or serial numbers. Print a few with one serial number, make another and repeat. Keep doing this until you have as many different numbers as you want. Then cut the bills to the exact size with a paper cutter Now you have a lot of money, except there is still one problemo - the paper is pure white. To dye it, mix the following in a pan: 2 cups hot water, 4 tea bags, and about 16-20 drops of green food coloring (experiment). Dip one of The bills in and compare it to a brand new REAL bill. Make the necessary adjustments, and dye all the bills. Then it is a good idea to make them look used. Wrinkle them, rub coffee grinds on them, etc. Congratulations! You're rich! Some of the info was taken from The Poor Man's James Bond, but most from personal knowledge. Also, it would be a good idea to see the movie To Live and Die in L.A. It is about a counterfeiter and they did a good job of showing how to do it. Well, that's all folks! Call the Shadowkeep AE (513) 832-1938 AE:TAC Addendum 4/12/91: I have heard that there are several methods of detecting CONTERFEIT money. First, most green ink flouresces under UV light. Second, some money verifiers sold use MAGNETIC ink and INFRARED detection to tell if the money is real. I do NOT know what the pattern used is, if anybody does, send E-mail. 8 USEFUL PYROCHEMISTRY In general, it is possible to make many chemicals from just a few basic ones. A list of useful chemical reactions is presented. It assumes knowledge of general chemistry; any individual who does not understand the following reactions would merely have to read the first five chapters of a high school chemistry book. 1. potassium perchlorate from perchloric acid and potassium hydroxide K(OH) + HClO ----> KClO + H O 4 4 2 2. potassium nitrate from nitric acid and potassium hydroxide " + HNO ----> KNO + " 3 3 3. ammonium perchlorate from perchloric acid and ammonium hydroxide NH OH + HClO ----> NH ClO + " 3 4 3 4 4. ammonium nitrate from nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide NH OH + HNO ----> NH NO + " 3 3 3 3 5. powdered aluminum from acids, aluminum foil, and magnesium A. aluminum foil + 6HCl ----> 2AlCl + 3H 3 2 B. 2AlCl (aq) + 3Mg ----> 3MgCl (aq) + 2Al 3 2 The Al will be a very fine silvery powder at the bottom of the container which must be filtered and dried. This same method works with nitric and sulfuric acids, but these acids are too valuable in the production of high explosives to use for such a purpose, unless they are available in great excess. 9.1 FUN WITH ALARMS A fact I forgot to mention in my previous alarm articles is that one can also use polyurethane foam in a can to silence horns and bells. you can purchase this at any hardware store as insulation. it is easier to handle and dries faster. Many people that travel carry a pocket alarm with them. this alarm is a small device that is hung around the door knob, and when someone touches the knob his body capacitance sets off the alarm. these nasty nuisences can be found by walking down the halls of a hotel and touching all the door knobs very quickly. if you happen to chance upon one, attach a 3' length of wire or other metal object to the knob. this will cause the sleeping business pig inside to think someone is breaking in and call room service for help. all sorts of fun and games will ensue. Some high-security instalations use keypads just like touch-tone pads (a registered trade mark of bell systems) to open locks or disarm alarms. most use three or four digits. to figure out the code, wipe the key-pad free from all fingerprints. after it had been used just apply finger print dust and all four digits will be marked. now all you have to do is figure out the order. if you want to have some fun with a keypad, try pressing the * and # at the same time. many units use this as a panic button. This will bring the owner and the cops running and ever-one will have a good time. never try to remove them from the wall, as they all have tamper switches. On the subject of holdups, most places (including super-markets, liquer stores, etc.) have what is known as a money clip. these little nasties are placed at the bottom of a money drawer and when the last few bills are with-drawn a switch closes and sets the alarm off. that's why when you make your withdrawl it's best to help your-self so you can check for these little nasties. if you find them, merely insert ones underneath the pile of twenties, and then pull out the twen-ties, leaving the one-dollar bill behind to prevent the circuit from closing. If you shoplift and see cameras, look at the brand. if it is surveillance video systems (SVS) you need not worry. these cameras look realistic to the point of pilot lights, coax, and scanning. however, they are only empty boxes. X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X
    Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 12:40
      Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) is a high explosiveorganic compound, first synthesised in 1885 by Legler.[1] The theorised structure lent itself well to acting as an initiating, or primary explosive. While still quite sensitive to shock and friction, it was relatively stable compared to other initiating explosives of the time, such as mercury fulminate, and proved to be relatively inexpensive and easy to synthesise. As such, it was quickly taken up as a primary explosive in mining applications.[2] However, it has since been superseded by even more stable compounds such as tetryl.
      [edit]Preparation and propertiesHMTD may be prepared by the reaction of an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and hexamine in the presence of citric acid or dilute sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
      No peroxide has found practical use as an explosive, a consequence of the weak oxygen'' oxygen bond leading to poor thermal and chemical stability and a high sensitivity to impact. HMTD is a more powerful initiating explosive than mercury fulminate but its poor thermal and chemical stability prevents its use in detonators.[3]
      Like other organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide, HMTD is an unstable compound that is sensitive to shock, friction, and heat. Exposure to ultraviolet light increases this sensitivity. This makes the substance extremely dangerous to manufacture. It also reacts with most common metals, which can lead to detonation. HMTD is very chemically stable when pure (free of acids, bases, and metal ions) and does not quickly sublime like its acetone counterparts.
      [edit]TerrorismAhmed Ressam, the al-Qaeda Millennium Bomber, used HMTD as one of the components in the explosives that he prepared to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on New Year's Eve 1999; the explosives could have produced a blast 40x greater than that of a devastating car bomb.[4][5]
      Despite no longer being used in any official application, and despite its shock-sensitivity, HMTD remains a common home-made explosive and has been used in a large number of suicide bombings throughout the world, and was possibly used in the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[6]Bristol student Isa Ibrahim was charged for possession of HMTD. The New York Times reported it as the planned explosive in the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot.[7] In 2012 three buildings in New York were evacuated after the discovery of seven grams of HMTD in an apartment; prosecutors said they found "The Terrorist Encyclopedia" and other explosive-related notes in the apartment.[8][9][10]
      [edit]References^Legler, L . (1885). "Ueber Producte der langsamen Verbrennung des Aethyl¤thers". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft18 (2): 3343''3351. doi:10.1002/cber.188501802306. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90703s/f1537.chemindefer.^Taylor, C. A.; Rinkenbach, W. H. Army Ordnance1924. 5, 463''466[verification needed]^Hodgson,Robert ; Agrawal,Jai P. (2007). Organic Chemistry of Explosives. Wiley. pp. 414.^U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (2 February 2010). "U.S. v. Ressam". http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/US_v_Ressam_9thcircuitappeals0210.pdf. Retrieved 27 February 2010.^"Complaint; U.S. v. Ressam". NEFA Foundation. December 1999. http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Ressam_Complaint.pdf. Retrieved 26 February 2010.^"London bombers used everyday materials"Reuters, 4 August 2005, Retrieved 16 April 2006^Van Natta, Don, Jr.; Elaine Sciolino and Stephen Grey (28 August 2006). "Details Emerge in British Terror Case". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/world/europe/28plot.html. Retrieved 7 February 2009.^Chris Francescani (2012-12-31). "New York bomb suspects had "terrorist encyclopedia"". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/31/us-usa-newyork-bomb-arrest-idUSBRE8BU0AX20121231.^KEVIN FASICK and REBECCA HARSHBARGER (2012-12-29). [www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/bomb_scare_during_narcotics_search_SngzT3xSGI4lqSy4zltGKN "Powder scare in Greenwich Village"]. New York Post. www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/bomb_scare_during_narcotics_search_SngzT3xSGI4lqSy4zltGKN.^Christopher Robbins (2012-12-31). "[UPDATE "Hippie" Couple Busted For Explosive Powder, "Terrorist Encyclopedia" In W. Village Apartment"]. The Gothamist. http://gothamist.com/2012/12/31/couple_arrested_for_possessing_expl.php.[edit]External links
  Haiti
    Digicel Elite
      Re Digicel :The boss is one of the most litigious in the world. If he hears about it he whines and moans and sues and acts like a little schoolboy bully. He has all of Ireland terrified of being sued so nobody talks about him. He has the main party in power in his pocket and appeared at the New York Stock Exchange with Enda Kenny but he denied he knew who would be there. Look up the Moriarty Tribunal in Ireland, work by journalist Elaine Byrne and anything to do with Esat Digifone in Ireland in the 1990s.
      He is not tax resident in Ireland but carrys on like he owns the place and is the de facto prime minister.
      A thoroughly ruthless and nasty individual. Avoid him at all costs.
    Canada freezes foreign aid money for Haiti: reports | CTV News
      Link to Article
      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 21:50
      CTVNews.ca StaffPublished Friday, Jan. 4, 2013 3:19PM EST
      Canada has frozen its aid to Haiti -- just two years after a huge swath of the impoverished Caribbean nation was hit by a devastating earthquake, according to reports in a Montreal newspaper.
      Minister of International Cooperation Julian Fantino reportedly told La Presse that Canada has blocked any new Haiti aid until it determines a more efficient way for that country to take charge of its own destiny.
      "It's on ice right now," he told the newspaper in a story published Friday. "We continue to fund some programs'... But there is no new initiative at this time.''
      He said Canada has contributed about $1 billion to Haiti since 2006 but it is now time for the country to solve its own problems.
      CTVNews.ca calls and emails to Fantino's department, the Canadian International Development Agency, on Friday did not receive responses, nor did calls to Haiti's Ottawa embassy.
      The Canadian government has been hard at work lately explaining its controversial new approach to international aid, which ties economic benefits to Canada to aid dollars dished out. Critics say this will leave some of the world's most-destitute nations without access to Canadian help.
      Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, partially due to its tumultuous political history; it did not have a peaceful transition of leadership from one elected government to another until the mid-2000s. Much of the capital, Port-au-Prince, was destroyed in the 2010 earthquake, and the country was also recently battered by Hurricane Sandy.
      Last week, Canada issued a travel warning for Haiti, warning potential visitors that the country is rife with kidnappings, robbery, lawlessness and cholera. The Haitian government responded furiously, saying the Dec. 21 advisory doesn't take recent security improvements into account and further harms the country's struggling industries.
  Words Matter
    Middle class - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
      A persistent source of confusion surrounding the term "middle class" derives predominantly from there being no set criteria for such a definition. From an economic perspective, for example, members of the middle class do not necessarily fall in the middle of a society's income distribution. Instead, middle class salaries tend to be determined by middle class occupations, which in turn are attained by means of middle class values...The middle class is, essentially, a macro-social group embracing individuals, or rather categories of individuals, marked by a unique general attitude towards life. Those are people who owe everything to their own efforts, resources, qualification, education , etc. Self-made as they are, middle-class people are furthermore self-employed and relatively free and autonomous in their work. Their knowledge and qualification , property and managerial skills are intentionally acquired and so is their social status... in-between the upper crust and the wage earners, in-between the envy of the world and the pitied ones.
      Center For Middle Class Consumer Studies[4]
  Bogative PR
    ABC Academy Awards
      Seth MacFarlane will host "The 85th Annual Academy Awards®," telecast producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron announced today. This will be MacFarlane's first appearance on Oscar's stage. "The 85th Annual Academy Awards" will be broadcast live on Oscar® SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 2013 on the ABC Television Network.
    Official Site - Zero Dark Thirty
  War on Bathsalts
    Naphyrone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:21
      "NRG-1" redirects here. For the protein NRG1, see Neuregulin 1.Naphyrone also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone[2] is a drug derived from pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor,[3] producing stimulant effects and has been reported as a novel designer drug.[4] No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug.[5]
      The drug has been marketed under the name NRG-1, although only a minority of samples of substances sold under this name have been found to actually contain naphyrone,[6][7][8] and even samples that proved to contain genuine Î²-naphyrone were in some cases also found to contain the 1-naphthyl isomer Î±-naphyrone in varying proportions, further confusing the reported effects profile.[9][10]
      [edit]Use in the United KingdomNaphyrone emerged as a new legal high in the United Kingdom only months after the ban of similar drug mephedrone (which was also a cathinone derivative). Until July 2010 the substance was not controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and was therefore not illegal for someone to possess. The Medicines Act prevented naphyrone from being sold for human consumption, and therefore it was sometimes sold as 'pond cleaner' or as another substance not normally consumed by humans. In response to this emerging trend of new legal highs, Home Office Minister James Brokenshire said "Action to address the issue of emerging legal highs coming on to the market is a priority for the Government."[11][unreliable source?]
      A batch analysis report from the drugs information site Drugs-Forum.com dated 12 June 2010 found that some products labelled as NRG-1 contain the Class B substances MDPV and flephedrone.[12] In the case of an individual possessing a product labelled NRG-1 that contains MDPV, they are in possession of a controlled substance. A subsequent study by researchers at Liverpool John Moores University found that only one out of ten products labelled as "NRG-1" actually contained naphyrone when they were subjected to laboratory analysis. Compounds found in products labelled NRG-1 included MDPV, flephedrone, mephedrone, butylone and caffeine, one product tested was inorganic in composition.[6]
      On 12 July 2010 the Home Office announced that naphyrone has been banned and made a Class B drug,[13] following a report from the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.[14][15][16]
      [edit]PharmacologyAs a triple reuptake inhibitor, naphyrone has been shown in vitro to affect the reuptake of the neurotransmittersserotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine by interacting with the serotonin transporter (SERT), dopamine transporter (DAT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET).
      One study found that the dissociation constant of naphyrone interacting with SERT is 33.1nM ± 1.1, with DAT is 20.1nM ± 7.1 and with NET is 136nM ± 27. The concentration of naphyrone required to inhibit the transporters by 50% is 46.0nM ± 5.5 for SERT, 40.0nM ± 13 for DAT and 11.7nM ± 0.9 for NET. Of a number of pyrovalerone analogues tested, naphyrone was found to be the only triple reuptake inhibitor found to be active at nM concentrations.[3]
      Some samples of genuine Î²-naphyrone sold as "legal highs" have also been found to contain the alternative isomer Î±-naphyrone, presumably produced accidentally as an impurity in synthesis.[17] The in vitro data available in the scientific literature was all obtained using pure Î²-naphyrone, and the pharmacological properties of Î±-naphyrone are unknown, further complicating the pharmacological profile of this little studied designer drug.
      [edit]See also[edit]References^= WDU20111050614 "Ustawa z dnia 15 kwietnia 2011 r. o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziaÅ‚aniu narkomanii ( Dz.U. 2011 nr 105 poz. 614 )". Internetowy System Akt"w Prawnych. http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id = WDU20111050614. Retrieved 17 June 2011.^"Deadly New 'Legal' Drug Bound For Britain - Yahoo! News UK". Uk.news.yahoo.com. 2010-03-31. http://uk.news.yahoo.com/5/20100331/twl-deadly-new-legal-drug-bound-for-brit-3fd0ae9.html. Retrieved 2010-04-03.[dead link]^ abMeltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK. 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2006 Feb 23;49(4):1420-32. doi:10.1021/jm050797aPMID 16480278^Alan Travis, home affairs editor (2010-04-01). "NRG-1 may be next legal high to face ban by ministers | Politics". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/apr/01/nrg1-legal-high-ban-considered. Retrieved 2010-04-03.^Lavery, Michael (2 April 2010). "New 50c legal drug 'is more evil' than any head shop high". The Herald. http://www.herald.ie/national-news/new-50c-legal-drug-is-more-evil-than-any-head-shop-high-2122823.html. Retrieved 2 April 2010.^ abBrandt, S. D.; Sumnall, H. R.; Measham, F.; Cole, J. (2010). "Second generation mephedrone. The confusing case of NRG-1". BMJ341: c3564. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3564. PMID 20605894.edit^Brandt SD, Sumnall HR, Measham F, Cole J (August 2010). "Analyses of second-generation 'legal highs' in the UK: initial findings". Drug Testing and Analysis2 (8): 377''82. doi:10.1002/dta.155. PMID 20687197.^Wood DM, Davies S, Cummins A, Button J, Holt DW, Ramsey J, Dargan PI. Energy-1 ('NRG-1'): don't believe what the newspapers say about it being legal. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2011 Dec;28(12):1068-70. PMID 22101594^Brandt SD, Wootton RC, De Paoli G, Freeman S (October 2010). "The naphyrone story: The alpha or beta-naphthyl isomer?". Drug Testing and Analysis2 (10): 496''502. doi:10.1002/dta.185. PMID 20886463.^De Paoli G, Maskell PD, Pounder DJ (February 2011). "Naphyrone: analytical profile of the new "legal high" substitute for mephedrone". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine18 (2): 93. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2010.12.001. PMID 21315306.^Francis, Nick (2010-05-24). "Next meow meow to hit clubs and festivals | The Sun |Features". The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2984320/Next-meow-meow-to-hit-clubs-and-festivals.html. Retrieved 2010-07-17.^11:47. "File Archive". Drugs Forum. http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/local_links.php?action=jump&catid=245&id=9184. Retrieved 2010-07-17.^"NRG-1 'legal high' drug is banned". BBC News. 2010-07-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/10602398.stm. Retrieved 2010-07-17.^"Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Naphyrone Report (2010)". Home Office. 2010-07-07. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/drugs/acmd1/naphyrone-report. Retrieved 2010-07-17.^"The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 2) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2010 No. 1799". Opsi.gov.uk. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2010/pdf/uksi_20101799_en.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-18.^"Explanatory Memorandum To The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 2) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2010 No. 1799". Opsi.gov.uk. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2010/em/uksiem_20101799_en.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-18.^An overview of new psychoactive substances and the outlets supplying them Adamantanes: AmantadineMemantineRimantadine; Aminotetralins: 7-OH-DPAT8-OH-PBZIRotigotineUH-232; Benzazepines: 6-Br-APBFenoldopamSKF-38,393SKF-77,434SKF-81,297SKF-82,958SKF-83,959; Ergolines: BromocriptineCabergolineDihydroergocryptineEpicriptineLisurideLSDPergolide; Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPAA-86,929CiladopaDihydrexidineDinapsolineDinoxylineDoxanthrine; Others: A-68,930A-77636A-412,997ABT-670ABT-724AplindoreApomorphineAripiprazoleBifeprunoxBP-897CY-208,243DizocilpineEtilevodopaFlibanserinKetamineMelevodopaModafinilPardoprunoxPhencyclidinePD-128,907PD-168,077PF-219,061PiribedilPramipexolePropylnorapomorphinePukateineQuinagolideQuineloraneQuinpiroleRDS-127Ro10-5824RopiniroleRotigotineRoxindoleSalvinorin ASKF-89,145SumaniroleTergurideUmespironeWAY-100,635 Agonists: Azapirones: AlnespironeBinospironeBuspironeEnilospironeEptapironeGepironeIpsapironePerospironeRevospironeTandospironeTiospironeUmespironeZalospirone; Antidepressants: EtoperidoneNefazodoneTrazodoneVortioxetine; Antipsychotics: AripiprazoleAsenapineClozapineQuetiapineZiprasidone; Ergolines: DihydroergotamineBromocriptineErgotamineLisurideMethysergideLSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MeO-DMT5-MTBufoteninDMTIndorenatePsilocinPsilocybin; Others: 8-OH-DPATAdatanserinBay R 1531BefiradolBMY-14802CannabidiolDimemebfeEbalzotanEltoprazineF-11,461F-12,826F-13,714F-14,679F-15,063F-15,599FlesinoxanFlibanserinLesopitronLY-293,284LY-301,317MKC-242NaluzotanNBUMPOsemozotanOxaflozanePardoprunoxPiclozotanRauwolscineRepinotanRoxindoleRU-24,969S 14,506S-14,671S-15,535SarizotanSSR-181,507SunepitronU-92,016-AUrapidilVilazodoneXaliprodenYohimbineAntagonists: Antipsychotics: IloperidoneRisperidoneSertindole; Beta blockers: AlprenololCyanopindololIodocyanopindololOxprenololPindobindPindololPropranololTertatolol; Others: AV965BMY-7,378CSP-2503DotarizineFlopropioneGR-46611IsamoltaneLecozotanMefwayMetitepine/MethiothepinMPPFNAN-190RobalzotanS-15535SB-649,915SDZ 216-525SpiperoneSpiramideSpiroxatrineUH-301WAY-100,135WAY-100,635XylamidineAgonists: Lysergamides: DihydroergotamineMethysergide; Triptans: AlmotriptanAvitriptanEletriptanFrovatriptanNaratriptanRizatriptanSumatriptanZolmitriptan; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-Ethyl-DMT5-MT5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine; Others: CP-135,807BromocriptineCP-286,601GR-46611L-694,247L-772,405PNU-109,291PNU-142633Antagonists: Lysergamides: Metergoline; Others: AlniditanBRL-15,572ElzasonanGR-127,935KetanserinLY-310,762LY-367,642LY-456,219LY-456,220Metitepine/MethiothepinRitanserinYohimbineZiprasidone Agonists: Phenethylamines: 2C-B2C-E2C-I2C-T-22C-T-72C-T-21DOBDOCDOIDOMMDAMDMAMescaline; Piperazines: AripiprazolemCPPTFMPP; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MeO-Î±-ET5-MeO-Î±-MT5-MeO-DET5-MeO-DiPT5-MeO-DMT5-MeO-DPT5-MTÎ±-ETÎ±-Methyl-5-HTÎ±-MTBufoteninDETDiPTDMTDPTPsilocinPsilocybin; Others: A-372,159BromocriptineAL-38022ACP-809,101DimemebfeLorcaserinMedifoxamineMK-212Org 12,962ORG-37,684OxaflozanePNU-22394Ro60-0175Ro60-0213VabicaserinWAY-629WAY-161,503YM-348Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics: ClorotepineClozapineIloperidoneMelperoneOlanzapinePaliperidonePimozideQuetiapineRisperidoneSertindoleZiprasidoneZotepine; Typical antipsychotics: ChlorpromazineLoxapinePipamperone; Antidepressants: AgomelatineAmitriptylineAmoxapineAptazapineEtoperidoneFluoxetineMianserinMirtazapineNefazodoneNortriptylineTedatioxetineTrazodone; Others: AdatanserinCEPCCinanserinCyproheptadineDeramciclaneDotarizineEltoprazineEsmirtazapineFR-260,010KetanserinKetotifenLatrepirdineMetitepine/MethiothepinMethysergidePizotifenRitanserinRS-102,221S-14,671SB-200,646SB-206,553SB-221,284SB-228,357SB-242,084SB-243,213SDZ SER-082Xylamidine Agonists: Lysergamides: DihydroergotamineErgotamineLisurideLSDMesulergineMetergolineMethysergide; Tryptamines: 2-Methyl-5-HT5-BT5-CT5-MTBufoteninE-6801E-6837EMD-386,088EMDTLY-586,713N-Methyl-5-HTTryptamine; Others: WAY-181,187WAY-208,466Antagonists: Antidepressants: AmitriptylineAmoxapineClomipramineDoxepinMianserinNortriptyline; Atypical antipsychotics: AripiprazoleAsenapineClorotepineClozapineFluperlapineIloperidoneOlanzapineTiospirone; Typical antipsychotics: ChlorpromazineLoxapine; Others: BGC20-760BVT-5182BVT-74316CerlapirdineEGIS-12,233GW-742,457KetanserinLatrepirdineLu AE58054Metitepine/MethiothepinMS-245PRX-07034RitanserinRo04-6790Ro 63-0563SB-258,585SB-271,046SB-357,134SB-399,885SB-742,457Agonists: Lysergamides: LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MTBufotenin; Others: 8-OH-DPATAS-19BifeprunoxE-55888LP-12LP-44RU-24,969SarizotanAntagonists: Lysergamides: 2-Bromo-LSDBromocriptineDihydroergotamineErgotamineMesulergineMetergolineMethysergide; Antidepressants: AmitriptylineAmoxapineClomipramineImipramineMaprotilineMianserin; Atypical antipsychotics: AmisulprideAripiprazoleClorotepineClozapineOlanzapineRisperidoneSertindoleTiospironeZiprasidoneZotepine; Typical antipsychotics: ChlorpromazineLoxapine; Others: ButaclamolEGIS-12,233KetanserinLY-215,840Metitepine/MethiothepinPimozideRitanserinSB-258,719SB-258,741SB-269,970SB-656,104SB-656,104-ASB-691,673SLV-313SLV-314SpiperoneSSR-181,507Vortioxetine
    VIDEO-psa, Drugs, medicine | Bath Salts Navy PSA - Military Videos - Military Times
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 09:58
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    Federal Register | Establishment of Drug Codes for 26 Substances
      Link to Article
      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 14:57
      On July 9, 2012, the President signed into law the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 (SDAPA). SDAPA amends the Controlled Substances Act by placing 26 substances in Schedule I. DEA is publishing this rule to establish drug codes for these 26 substances, and to make technical and conforming amendments in accordance with SDAPA.
      Effective Date: January 4, 2013.
      John W. Partridge, Executive Assistant, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administration, Mailing Address: 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152; Telephone (202) 307-7165.
      DEA administers, implements, and enforces Titles II and III of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, often referred to as the Controlled Substances Act and the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 801-971), as amended (hereinafter, ''CSA''). The implementing regulations for these statutes are found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), parts 1300 to 1321. Under the CSA, controlled substances are classified in one of five schedules based upon their potential for abuse, their currently accepted medical use, the lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and the degree of dependence the substance may cause. 21 U.S.C. 812. The list of legislatively scheduled controlled substances is found at 21 U.S.C. 812(c) and the current list of scheduled substances is published at 21 CFR part 1308. These initial schedules may be modified either by legislation or by rulemaking.
      On July 9, 2012, the SDAPA of 2012, Public Law 112-144, Title XI, Subtitle D, became effective. SDAPA amended the CSA by legislatively placing ''cannabimimetic agents'' [1] and 26 substances in Schedule I. Public Law 112-144, Title XI, Subtitle D, Section 1152. DEA is publishing this rule to establish drug codes for these 26 substances. These 26 substances include 15 cannabimimetic agents, 9 phenethylamines, and 2 cathinones and are listed in the regulatory text section, below.
      At the time SDAPA became effective on July 9, 2012, a total of 8 substances were covered by temporary scheduling final orders: 5 synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP-47,497, and CP-47,497 C8 homologue) [2] and 3 synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, MDPV, and methylone). [3] DEA also issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) in March 2012, to place the 5 synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP-47,497, and CP-47,497 C8 homologue) permanently in Schedule I. [4] With the sole exception of methylone, [5] these substances were specifically placed in Schedule I by SDAPA. Therefore, it is no longer necessary to finalize the NPRM regarding the 5 synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP-47,497, and CP-47,497 C8 homologue), or to take further action with respect to 2 of the 3 synthetic cathinones (mephedrone and MDPV). However, DEA has posted a copy of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) Scientific and Medical Evaluation and Scheduling Recommendations regarding the 5 synthetic cannabinoids on www.regulations.gov so that the public can benefit from the scientific review that was undertaken with respect to these substances. [6] These HHS documents can be found on www.regulations.gov under Docket ID ''DEA-2012-0001.''
      In addition to establishing drug codes for these 26 substances, [7] this rulemaking makes several technical and conforming amendments to 21 CFR 1308.11 in accordance with SDAPA. This rulemaking adds a new subsection (g) to 21 CFR 1308.11 and gives it the title ''cannabimimetic agents,'' redesignates the old subsection (g) as (h) and retains its title as ''[t]emporary listing of substances subject to emergency scheduling,'' and transfers 7 of the 8 substances currently listed in 21 CFR 1308.11(g) under the title of ''[t]emporary listing of substances subject to emergency scheduling,'' to either the new subsection (g) entitled ''cannabimimetic agents'' or to the previously existing subsection (d) entitled ''[h]allucinogenic substances.'' In summary, as a result of SDAPA, a new subsection entitled ''cannabimimetic agents'' will be created and will initially contain 15 substances, the existing subsection entitled ''[h]allucinogenic substances'' will increase by 11 substances, and the existing subsection entitled ''temporary listing of substances subject to emergency scheduling'' will be redesignated from (g) to (h) and will decrease from 8 substances to 1 substance (methylone).
      Administrative Procedure ActAn agency may find good cause to exempt a rule from certain provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) (5 U.S.C. 553), including notice of proposed rulemaking and the opportunity for public comment, if it is determined to be unnecessary, impracticable, or contrary to the public interest. This rule merely establishes drug codes for the 26 substances placed in Schedule I by SDAPA, and makes several technical and conforming amendments in accordance with SDAPA. Because DEA has no discretion with respect to these changes, publishing a notice of proposed rulemaking and soliciting public comment are unnecessary. In addition, because the placement of these 26 substances in Schedule I has already been in effect since July 9, 2012, DEA finds good cause exists to make this rule effective immediately upon publication.
      Executive Orders 12866 and 13563This rule, establishing drug codes for the 26 substances placed in Schedule I by SDAPA, and making technical and conforming amendments in accordance with SDAPA has been developed in accordance with the principles of Executive Orders 12866 and 13563.
      Executive Order 12988This regulation meets the applicable standards set forth in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 Civil Justice Reform to eliminate ambiguity, minimize litigation, establish clear legal standards, and reduce burden.
      Executive Order 13132This rulemaking does not preempt or modify any provision of State law, impose enforcement responsibilities on any State, or diminish the power of any State to enforce its own laws. Accordingly, this rulemaking does not have federalism implications warranting the application of Executive Order 13132.
      Executive Order 13175This rule is required by statute, will not have tribal implications, and will not impose substantial direct compliance costs on Indian tribal governments.
      Regulatory Flexibility ActThe Deputy Administrator hereby certifies that this rulemaking has been drafted in accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), has reviewed this regulation, and by approving it certifies that this regulation will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
      Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995This rule does not involve a collection of information within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521.
      Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995This rule will not result in the expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $136,000,000 or more (adjusted for inflation) in any one year, and will not significantly or uniquely affect small governments. Therefore, no actions were deemed necessary under the provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995. 2 U.S.C. 1532.
      Congressional Review ActThis rule is not a major rule as defined by the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 804). This rule will not result in an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or more, a major increase in cost or prices, or have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of United States-based companies to compete with foreign based companies in domestic and export markets. However, DEA has submitted a copy of this rule to both Houses of Congress and to the Comptroller General.
      For the reasons set out above, 21 CFR part 1308 is amended as follows:
      begin regulatory text
      1.The authority citation for part 1308 continues to read as follows:
      Authority:21 U.S.C. 811, 812, 871(b), unless otherwise noted.
      2.Amend § 1308.11 by:
      a. Adding new paragraphs (d)(36) through (d)(46);
      b. Redesignating paragraph (g) as paragraph (h) and revising newly redesignated paragraph (h)(1); and
      c. Adding a new paragraph (g).
      The additions and revisions read as follows:
      * * * * *
      (d) * * *
      (36) 4-methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone)1248(37) 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)7535(38) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-E)7509(39) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-D)7508(40) 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-C)7519(41) 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-I)7518(42) 2-[4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2)7385(43) 2-[4-(Isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-4)7532(44) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-H)7517(45) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitro-phenyl)ethanamine (2C-N)7521(46) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-P)7524* * * * *
      (g) Cannabimimetic agents. Unless specifically exempted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances, or which contains their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
      (1) 5-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (CP-47,497)7297(2) 5-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (cannabicyclohexanol or CP-47,497 C8-homolog)7298(3) 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018 and AM678)7118(4) 1-butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-073)7173(5) 1-hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-019)7019(6) 1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-200)7200(7) 1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (JWH-250)6250(8) 1-pentyl-3-[1-(4-methoxynaphthoyl)]indole (JWH-081)7081(9) 1-pentyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-122)7122(10) 1-pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-398)7398(11) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (AM2201)7201(12) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole (AM694)7694(13) 1-pentyl-3-[(4-methoxy)-benzoyl]indole (SR-19 and RCS-4)7104(14) 1-cyclohexylethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole 7008 (SR-18 and RCS-8)7008(15) 1-pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole (JWH-203)7203(h) * * *
      (1) 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone (Other names: methylone)7540* * * * *
      end regulatory text
      Dated: December 21, 2012.
      Michele M. Leonhart,
      Administrator.
      [FR Doc. 2012-31698 Filed 1-3-13; 8:45 am]
      BILLING CODE 4410-09-P
  Bogative Bill$
    To repeal the legal tender laws, to prohibit taxation on certain coins and bullion, and to repeal superfluous sections related to coinage. (H.R. 77) - GovTrack.us
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:38
      Click a format for a citation suggestion:
      H.R. 77--113th Congress: To repeal the legal tender laws, to prohibit taxation on certain coins and bullion, and .... (2013). In www.GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 5, 2013, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr77?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss
      ''H.R. 77--113th Congress: To repeal the legal tender laws, to prohibit taxation on certain coins and bullion, and ....'' www.GovTrack.us. 2013. January 5, 2013 <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr77?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss>
      {{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr77?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss|title=H.R. 77 (113th)|accessdate=January 5, 2013|author=113th Congress (2013)|date=January 3, 2013|work=Legislation|publisher=GovTrack.us|quote=To repeal the legal tender laws, to prohibit taxation on certain coins and bullion, and ...}}
    To provide for the collection of data on traffic stops, and for other purposes. (H.R. 74) - GovTrack.us
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:38
      Click a format for a citation suggestion:
      H.R. 74--113th Congress: To provide for the collection of data on traffic stops, and for other purposes.. (2013). In www.GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 5, 2013, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr74?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss
      ''H.R. 74--113th Congress: To provide for the collection of data on traffic stops, and for other purposes..'' www.GovTrack.us. 2013. January 5, 2013 <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr74?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss>
      {{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr74?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss|title=H.R. 74 (113th)|accessdate=January 5, 2013|author=113th Congress (2013)|date=January 3, 2013|work=Legislation|publisher=GovTrack.us|quote=To provide for the collection of data on traffic stops, and for other purposes.}}
    To provide for congressional oversight of United States agreements with the Government of Afghanistan. (H.R. 125) - GovTrack.us
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:37
      Click a format for a citation suggestion:
      H.R. 125--113th Congress: To provide for congressional oversight of United States agreements with the Government of Afghanistan.. (2013). In www.GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 5, 2013, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr125?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss
      ''H.R. 125--113th Congress: To provide for congressional oversight of United States agreements with the Government of Afghanistan..'' www.GovTrack.us. 2013. January 5, 2013 <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr125?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss>
      {{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr125?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss|title=H.R. 125 (113th)|accessdate=January 5, 2013|author=113th Congress (2013)|date=January 3, 2013|work=Legislation|publisher=GovTrack.us|quote=To provide for congressional oversight of United States agreements with the Government of Afghanistan.}}
    To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to encourage teachers to pursue teaching science, technology, engineering, and math subjects at elementary and secondary schools. (H.R. 118) - GovTrack.us
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:36
      0% chance of getting past committee.0% chance of being enacted.
      Only 13% of House bills made it past committee and only 4% were enacted in 2009''2010. [show factors | methodology]
      The following factors helped this bill:
      There is at least one cosponsor from the majority party and one cosponsor outside of the majority party.
      The following factors hurt this bill:
      The bill was introduced in the first 90 days of the Congress.
      The bill's title starts with "To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to."
      The sponsor is a member of the minority party.
      This bill was a re-introduction of H.R. 135 (112th) from the previous session of Congress.
    H.R. 95: To reduce Federal spending and the deficit by terminating taxpayer financing of presidential election campaigns and party conventions.
      Link to Article
      Source: Watching Congress
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:35
      Obama wasn't independently wealthy (certainly not in 2008). Romney was in both elections. I don't see that correlation.
      I think the issue here isn't independent wealth and raising the bar to run for office, but rather the effect of greater access to our elections by private, monied interests. Lobbyists, unions, corporations, and political action groups should have less control and say, not more.
    To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal the mandate that individuals purchase health insurance. (H.R. 105) - GovTrack.us
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:35
      Click a format for a citation suggestion:
      H.R. 105--113th Congress: To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal the mandate that individuals purchase .... (2013). In www.GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 5, 2013, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr105?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss
      ''H.R. 105--113th Congress: To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal the mandate that individuals purchase ....'' www.GovTrack.us. 2013. January 5, 2013 <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr105?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss>
      {{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr105?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss|title=H.R. 105 (113th)|accessdate=January 5, 2013|author=113th Congress (2013)|date=January 3, 2013|work=Legislation|publisher=GovTrack.us|quote=To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal the mandate that individuals purchase ...}}
    H.R. 75: To end membership of the United States in the United Nations.
      Link to Article
      Source: Watching Congress
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:34
      because it's utter bullshit, the UN is the only thing we have that resembles a peaceful coalition of countries. Every other pact is defense (war) orientated. Besides, its a publicity stunt to appease those who fear a new world order where some dark skinned commie sends in black helicopters to take their guns.
  Drone Nation
    Glencore chief Simon Murray launches private navy to combat Somali pirate threat | The AustralianWHY NOT DRONES
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 13:37
      BRITAIN'S first private navy in almost two centuries is being created by a group of businessmen to take on the Somali pirates who are terrorising an expanse of the Indian Ocean.
      Its armed vessels - including a 10,000-ton mother ship and high-speed armoured patrol boats - will be led by a former Royal Navy commodore. He is recruiting 240 former marines and other sailors for the force.
    CIA Drone Airstrike Kills Three Al-Qaeda In The Arabian Peninsula Fighters In Yemen'...
      Link to Article
      Source: Weasel Zippers
      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 00:19
      CIA on a roll today.
      (Reuters) '' At least three suspected al Qaeda militants including a local commander were killed on Thursday in Yemen by a strike from an unmanned aircraft, residents and a local official said.
      The attack in Redaa, in the southern al-Bayda province was the fifth by a pilotless plane in the space of 10 days in the impoverished country, where the United States has stepped up drone strikes against al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).
      The strikes have all been in the south, where the group exploited anti-government protests in 2011 to seize territory before being driven out by a military offensive last June.
      ''We have noticed a drone flying over for the past few days,'' a resident told Reuters. He said the car in which the three militants were killed on Thursday was completely destroyed and their bodies were unrecognizable.
      A local official said the commander's name was Muqbel al-Zubah.
    Newtown Shootings Could Give Rise to More Litigation, Says Pinsky
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 09:29
  Elite$
    authorize the production of a recurring television program featuring Vice President Joe Biden | We the People: Your Voice in Our Government
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:04
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  Agenda 21
    Prediction: Some wind developers will defraud the government in 2013 - Atomic Insights
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:06
      When the Congress decided to extend the Production Tax Credit for wind energy projects, they made a couple of changes to the law that provide a substantial temptation for unscrupulous developers to take the money and run.
      While many sources describe the PTC as a $22 per megawatt-hour (indexed for inflation) tax credit provided to wind power operators for the first ten years that the system produces power, that is not the way it always works. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included a provision in section 1603 for developers of qualified facilities (which did not include nuclear, by the way) to obtain a 30% of project cost tax credit payable within just months of being accepted as qualified.
      These section 1603 grants have been far more commonly used than the traditional Production Tax Credit since 2009. The original justification for this nearly immediate grant in lieu of payments for actual electricity production spread over 10 years was that the ''tax credit market'' had evaporated during the Global Financial Crisis. Many of the previous investors in that market had no taxable income to report so they no longer had any need to purchase credits from wind developers. However, projects had to be placed in service before the 1603 grants were paid out.
      With the extension to the PTC included in H.R. 8, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, Congress changed the eligibility for the grant from facilities that are placed in service before the deadline date to facilities the ''construction of which begins before January 1, 2014'". It also extended the wildly popular (for obvious reasons) section 1603 grant program.
      Unless I am misreading the current law, a developer could ''begin construction'' (a term that is not carefully defined in the law) and then apply for the grant to be awarded. Once the developer has received the payment of 30% of projected cost '' which could be several hundred million dollars for a large project '' it seems possible that the development could be halted with no planned recourse for the taxpayers to recover their money.
      Even in the case where project developers are not frauds and really do complete their projects, the extension of section 1603 in the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 means that the $12 billion that has been calculated as the cost of the act will not be dolled out over 10 years. Instead, it will be paid out almost immediately. After all, businessmen know that there is a time value of money, it is far more valuable if paid right away than if spread out over ten years.
      I would love to have someone explain why my concerns are unfounded.
      PS '' I probably should not have limited my concerns to wind developers; Section 1603 applies to several other kinds of qualified facilities, including algae based biofuels produced by such financially strapped entities as ExxonMobil.
    Wired UK seems surprised that Japan's Abe is considering new nuclear
      Link to Article
      Source: Atomic Insights
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:40
      An article posted on Wired.co.uk titled Japan's new government to 'consider' more nuclear power indicates that the author is almost surprised to hear that the recently elected Japanese government is considering the construction of new nuclear power plants.
      While it may be understandable for the Japanese people to turn against nuclear power, there are several reasons that their government may not be so hasty to give up on it. Much like in the UK, Japan would struggle to adapt to other energy technologies like renewables fast enough to make up for the lost capacity from closing nuclear plants.
      The subsequent report into the Fukushima disaster also found that it could have been prevented, with commission chairman Kiyoshi Kurokawa stating that it was a ''profoundly man-made disaster''. The general mood among the nuclear power industry, and the new government, is that the Fukushima disaster was not the fault of nuclear technology as much of a regulatory failure. It's an argument that has done little to assuage the fears of the reportedly more than 80 percent of Japanese people who now consider themselves anti-nuclear power.
      The only reason I am even close to finding it ''understandable'' that the Japanese people have turned away from nuclear energy is that I have some idea of how frequently they have been the target of ad supported media stories focused on spreading fear and uncertainty. I also have some inkling of the tendency towards self-sacrifice among older members of Japanese society; they do not seem to mind giving up comfort after they have been carefully convinced their conservation will make their children safer.
      Based on my first-hand experience with living in a world that is completely supplied by nuclear energy, I cannot understand why anyone who comprehends its enormous benefits could be convinced to give them up.
      I guess I answered my own question there; perhaps the real reason that the Japanese people have, so far, been willing to sacrifice the benefits that nuclear energy can provide is that they have not been directly exposed to enough of those benefits to gain a full understanding of how much better nuclear energy is than its competitors.
      Because of the way that electricity prices are regulated, the enormous increase in the fuel costs associated with burning imported diesel fuel and liquified natural gas have been imposed rather slowly. Because most modern power plants do a pretty good job of filtering and chemically treating their visible emissions, average people have not noticed just how much more pollution those imported fuels are producing compared to the virtually emission-free reactors that used to provide 35% of their electricity.
      Since Japanese firms are slow to resort to layoffs when they are under financial duress, the people have been isolated from the dramatic reduction in prosperity that has resulted from increasing fuel costs, unreliable power supplies, and forced factory shutdowns. Because Japanese people tend to trust their authority figures, few of them have asked hard questions about why the cows living outdoors and eating the grass in the evacuated area seem so healthy when they have been told that human beings cannot even spend the night in their former village homes.
      I do not accept the conventional story line that the real problem was a failure of regulations or malfeasance by Tepco. I think both the Japanese regulators and the operating companies did a reasonably effective job of protecting public health and safety.
      Tepco lost some valuable assets and will spend a lot of money cleaning up the site, but even after melting three nuclear reactor cores, the company only released a few tens of kilograms of radioactive isotopes to the environment. No one was injured by those releases. That needs to be repeated; no one was injured by radiation released from the Fukushima reactors. The defense in depth worked as designed. Honestly compare that result to any of several recent natural gas fires and explosions and you will understand why I am so adamant about sharing that information.
      Of course there are a lot of Monday morning quarterbacks in and outside of the nuclear industry that can come up with a whole list of things they would have done better than Tepco and its effectively trained work force. The fact remains that the event should be considered a 'W' for acceptably safe nuclear energy. It might have been a slightly ugly 'W' but that should not matter all that much in the overall competition between hydrocarbons and actinides as the future source of power for human society.
      I hope you notice that I did not mention unreliables (sometimes called ''renewables'') as part of that competition; they are a distraction and can never supply the quality and quantity of power required to provide prosperity to a reasonably large population of people. It is not a matter of how fast they can be deployed; they are incapable of doing the necessary job.
      I left the following comment on the Wired article. It's not yet visible there; I suspect that the included link will cause moderation problems, but I could not resist providing some support for my statement about the stubborn and healthy women of Chernobyl.
      The area that the previous Japanese government forced to be evacuated is the home of some very healthy cows and a growing abundance of wildlife. It has a lot in common with the not really ''dead zone'' of forced human relocation near the Chernobyl reactor.
      In that area, some stubborn babushkas refused to allow the government to force them to abandon their homes; they stayed and continued living off of the land. More than 25 years later, they remain healthy and reasonably happy, though they probably would have preferred if more of their neighbors had made the same decision to ignore government orders.
      http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/9646437/The-women-living-in-Chernobyls-toxic-wasteland.html
      In my technically informed opinion, there is no reason to maintain the exclusion area outside of the gates of the Fukushima nuclear station. Radiation dose rates there are already lower than those found in many places where humans have been living healthy lives for many centuries. Those dose rates will continue to fall as the land is occupied and as natural processes wash the mildly radioactive earth.
      Most of the often touted costs associated with the damaged plants is avoidable through the use of sound science that enables rational risk response. The people need to demand to be allowed to return to their homes and start rebuilding their lives.
      Rod AdamsPublisher, Atomic Insights
    'Global warming is to blame,' says veteran climber Pat Falvey
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 15:27
      'Global warming is to blame,' says veteran climber Pat FalveyBy Eoin English and Lynne Kelleher
      Friday, January 04, 2013
      Veteran Irish explorer Pat Falvey believes global warming was to blame for the lightning strike which killed Ian McKeever.
      About 1,000 Irish people climb Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania every year, but Mr Falvey said this is the first time there has been such a tragic accident on the imposing African peak.
      Mr Falvey told The Ray D'Arcy Show yesterday he believes the world's changing climate caused the "freak" weather which hit Mr McKeever and his group as they climbed Kilimanjaro amid torrential downpours.
      "It was quite freaky and probably it's because of the global warming climate change and it happened in an area that he was misfortunate to be in," he said. "It was a place called Lava Towers which sticks up in the air like a sore thumb. It is a tower of rock in the lunar landscape section.
      "It is very unusual to have thunderstorms and rain at that particular level of the mountain but it is just the whole climate is changing."
      Climber and retired Garda Martin Byrne, who climbed Mount Everest in 2011 and recently brought a team of fundraisers to climb Kilimanjaro for the charity Concern Worldwide, said he was very saddened to hear of Mr McKeever's death.
      "Being struck by lightning while climbing is an extremely rare occurrence and, for all the massive amount of planning, physical training, and preparation that goes into such climbs, it is not a natural event anyone can prepare for," he said.
      "I have personally been affected by fatalities of climbing colleagues.
      "My own climb to the peak of Everest was dampened considerably by the death five days earlier, just 48m from the summit, of Irish mountaineer John Delaney from Co Laois. My thoughts are with Ian's family, friends, and colleagues."
      (C) This appeared in the printed version of the Irish Examiner Friday, January 04, 2013
  Military Industrial Complex
    Federal Register | Waiver From Rescission of Unobligated Funds Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
      Link to Article
      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 15:01
      Consistent with the authority provided to me under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5), as amended by section 1306 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Public Law 111-203), I have determined that it is not in the best interest of the Nation to rescind after December 31, 2012, the unobligated amounts made available in Division A of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act with respect to the accounts with the following Treasury Account Fund Symbol codes and names, not to exceed the amounts stated:
      Department of Defense: 97-0501'--Military Construction, Defense-wide, $104 million;
      Department of Energy: 89-0209'--Title 17 Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program, $96 million;
      Social Security Administration: 28X8704'--Limitation on Administrative Expenses, $148 million; and
      Small Business Administration: 73-4268'--Surety Bond Guarantees Revolving Fund, $15 million.
      My determination is based on the following consideration:
      The retention of these unobligated balances will allow the executive agencies to continue to execute projects vital to the national interest in a fiscally responsible manner.
      Therefore, in accordance with section 1306 of Public Law 111-203, I am waiving the requirements for repayment for the stated amounts of unobligated funds made available in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act with respect to the accounts described above.
      In accordance with section 1603(b) of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, as added by section 1306 of Public Law 111-203, all amounts that are rescinded pursuant to section 1603(b) shall be returned to the General Fund of the Treasury where such amounts shall be dedicated for the sole purpose of deficit reduction and prohibited from use as an offset for other spending increases or revenue reductions.
      This notice shall be published in the Federal Register.
      THE WHITE HOUSE,Washington, December 28, 2012.
      [FR Doc. 2013-00042Filed 1-3-13; 8:45 am]
      Billing code 3295-F3
    Federal Register | 36(b)(1) Arms Sales Notification KOREA DRONE +EISS
      Link to Article
      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 15:00
      Ms. B. English, DSCA/DBO/CFM, (703) 601-3740.
      The following is a copy of a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Transmittals 12-02 with attached transmittal, policy justification and sensitivity of technology.
      Dated: December 31, 2012.
      Aaron Siegel,
      Alternate OSD Federal Register Liaison Officer, Department of Defense.
      BILLING CODE 5001-06-P
      BILLING CODE 5001-06-C
      Transmittal No. 12-02Notice of Proposed Issuance of Letter of Offer Pursuant to Section 36(b)(1)of the Arms Export Control Act, as amended(i) Prospective Purchaser: Republic of Korea
      (ii) Total Estimated Value:
      * as defined in Section 47(6) of the Arms Export Control Act.Major Defense Equipment*$.687 billionOther$.513 billionTotal$1.2 billion(iii) Description and Quantity or Quantities of Articles or Services under Consideration for Purchase: four (4) RQ-4 Block 30 (I) Global Hawk Remotely Piloted Aircraft with the Enhanced Integrated Sensor Suite (EISS). The EISS includes infrared/electro-optical, synthetic aperture radar imagery and ground moving target indicator. The ground segment includes a mission control element and a launch and recovery element. Also included is an imagery intelligence exploitation system, test equipment, ground support, operational flight test support, communications equipment, spare and repair parts, personnel training, publications and technical data, U.S. Government and contractor technical and logistics support services, and other related elements of logistics support.
      (iv) Military Department: Air Force (SAC)
      (v) Prior Related Cases, if any: None
      (vi) Sales Commission, Fee, etc., Paid, Offered, or Agreed to be Paid: None
      (vii) Sensitivity of Technology Contained in the Defense Article or Defense Services Proposed to be Sold: See Attached Annex
      (viii) Date Report Delivered to Congress: 21 December 2012
      POLICY JUSTIFICATIONRepublic of Korea'--RQ-4 Block 30 (I) Global Hawk Remotely Piloted AircraftThe Government of the Republic of Korea (ROK) has requested a possible sale of four (4) RQ-4 Block 30 (I) Global Hawk Remotely Piloted Aircraft with the Enhanced Integrated Sensor Suite (EISS). The EISS includes infrared/electro-optical, synthetic aperture radar imagery and ground moving target indicator, mission control element, launch and recovery element, signals intelligence package, an imagery intelligence exploitation system, test equipment, ground support, operational flight test support, communications equipment, spare and repair parts, personnel training and training equipment, publications and technical data, U.S. Government and contractor technical and logistics support services, and other related elements of logistics support. The estimated cost is $1.2 billion.
      This proposed sale will contribute to the foreign policy goals and national security objectives of the United States by meeting the legitimate security and defense needs of an ally and partner nation. The Republic of Korea continues to be an important force for peace, political stability, and economic progress in North East Asia.
      The ROK needs this intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) capability to assume primary responsibility for intelligence gathering from the U.S.-led Combined Forces Command. The transfer from the U.S. to the ROK of wartime operational control over Korean forces will occur in 2015. The proposed sale of the RQ-4 will significantly enhance the ROK's ISR capabilities and help ensure the alliance is able to continue to monitor and deter regional threats. The ROK will have no difficulty absorbing these systems into its armed forces.
      The proposed sale of this system will not alter the basic military balance in the region.
      The principal contractor will be Northrop Grumman Corporation in Rancho Bernardo, California. The purchaser requested offsets but at this time agreements are undetermined and will be defined in negotiations between the purchaser and contractor.
      Implementation of this proposed sale will require the assignment contractor representatives to Korea to perform contractor logistics support and to support required enhanced end use monitoring (EEUM) activities.
      There will be no adverse impact on U.S. defense readiness as a result of this proposed sale.
      Transmittal No. 12-02Notice of Proposed Issuance of Letter of Offer Pursuant to Section 36(b)(1)of the Arms Export Control ActAnnexItem No. vii(vii) Sensitivity of Technology:
      1. The RQ-4 Block 30 Global Hawk hardware and software are Unclassified. The highest level of classified information required for operation may be Secret depending on the classification of the imagery or Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) utilized on a specific operation. The RQ-4 is optimized for long range and prolonged flight endurance. It is capable of fully autonomous operations once programmed by the ground stations, including fully automatic taxi, take-off, flight data collection, and recovery. It is used for military intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Aircraft system, sensor, and navigational status are provided continuously to the ground operators through a health and status downlink for mission monitoring. The navigation and sensor plan can by dynamically updated in-flight through any of the redundant data links. Data links can be an X-Band Line of Sight communication or Ku-Band Over-the-Horizon Satellite Communications. The air vehicle has multiple contingency modes to provide safe, predictable operation in the event of lost data links, mission critical equipment, or flight critical equipment. Navigation is via inertial navigation with integrated global positioning system (GPS) updates. Taxi, take-off, and landing accuracy are enhanced with dual radio altimeters and Differential GPS. The vehicle is capable of operating from a standard paved runway. Real time missions are flown under the control of a pilot in a Mission Control Element. It is designed to carry a non-weapons internal payload of 3,000 lbs consisting primarily of sensors and avionics. The following payloads are integrated into the RQ-4: Enhanced Imagery Sensor Suite that includes multi-use infrared, electro-optical, ground moving target indicator, and synthetic aperture radar and a space to accommodate other sensors, such as SIGINT. The RQ-4 will include the following components:
      a. The Mission Control Element (MCE) is the RQ-4 Global Hawk ground control station for mission planning, communication management, aircraft and mission control, and image processing and dissemination. It can be either fixed or mobile. In addition to the shelter housing the operator workstations, the MCE includes an optional 6.25 meter Ku-Band antenna assembly, a Tactical Modular Interoperable Surface Terminal, a 12-ton Environmental Control Unit (heating and air conditioning), and two 100 kilowatt electrical generators. The MCE, technical data, and documentation are Unclassified. The MCE may operate at the classified level depending on the classification of the data feeds.
      b. The Launch and Recovery Element (LRE) is a subset of the MCE and can be either fixed or mobile. It provides identical functionality for mission planning and air vehicle C2. The launch element contains a mission planning workstation and a C2 workstation. The primary difference between the LRE and MCE is the lack of any wide-band data links or image processing capability within the LRE and navigation equipment at the LRE to provide the precision required for ground operations, take-off, and landing. The LRE, technical data, and documentation are Unclassified.
      2. If a technologically advanced adversary were to obtain knowledge of the specific hardware and software elements, the information could be used to develop countermeasures that might reduce weapon system effectiveness or be used in the development of a system with similar or advanced capabilities.
      [FR Doc. 2012-31722 Filed 1-3-13; 8:45 am]
      BILLING CODE 5001-06-C
    Federal Register | 36(b)(1) Arms Sales NotificationTURKEY SIDEWINDERS
      Link to Article
      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 14:58
      Ms. B. English, DSCA/DBO/CFM, (703) 601-3740.
      The following is a copy of a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Transmittals 12-12 with attached transmittal and policy justification, and Sensitivity of Technology.
      Dated: December 31, 2012.
      Aaron Siegel,
      Alternate OSD Federal Register Liaison Officer, Department of Defense.
      BILLING CODE 5001-06-P
      BILLING CODE 5001-06-C
      Transmittal No. 12-12Notice of Proposed Issuance of Letter of Offer Pursuant to Section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, as amended(i) Prospective Purchaser: Turkey
      (ii) Total Estimated Value:
      * as defined in Section 47(6) of the Arms Export Control Act.Major Defense Equipment*$110 millionOther$30 millionTotal$140 million(iii) Description and Quantity or Quantities of Articles or Services under Consideration for Purchase: 117 AIM-9X-2 SIDEWINDER Block II All-Up-Round Missiles, 6 AIM-9X-2 Block II Tactical Guidance Units, 6 Dummy Air Training Missiles, 130 LAU-129 Launchers, containers, missile support and test equipment, provisioning, spare and repair parts, personnel training and training equipment, publications and technical data, U.S. Government and contractor technical assistance and other related logistics support.
      (iv) Military Department: Navy (AHX Amd #4)
      (v) Prior Related Cases, if any: FMS Case AHX-$50M-28Oct05
      (vi) Sales Commission, Fee, etc., Paid, Offered, or Agreed to be Paid: None
      (vii) Sensitivity of Technology Contained in the Defense Article or Defense Services Proposed to be Sold: See Annex attached
      (viii) Date Report Delivered to Congress: 21 December 2012
      POLICY JUSTIFICATIONTurkey'--AIM-9X-2 SIDEWINDER MissilesThe Government of Turkey has requested a possible sale of 117 AIM-9X-2 SIDEWINDER Block II All-Up-Round Missiles, 6 AIM-9X-2 Block II Tactical Guidance Units, 6 Dummy Air Training Missiles, 130 LAU-129 Launchers, containers, missile support and test equipment, provisioning, spare and repair parts, personnel training and training equipment, publications and technical data, U.S. Government and contractor technical assistance and other related logistics support. The estimated cost is $140 million.
      Turkey is a partner of the United States in ensuring peace and stability in the region. It is vital to the U.S. national interest to assist our North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally in developing and maintaining a strong and ready self-defense capability that will contribute to an acceptable military balance in the area. This proposed sale is consistent with those objectives.
      The Turkish Air Force is modernizing its fighter aircraft to better support its own air defense needs. The proposed sale of AIM-9X-2 missiles will improve Turkey's capability for self defense, modernization, regional security, and interoperability with the U.S. and other NATO members, making it a more valuable partner in an increasingly important area of the world. Turkey will have no difficulty absorbing these missiles into its armed forces.
      The proposed sale of this weapon system will not alter the basic military balance in the region.
      The prime contractor will be Raytheon Missile Systems Company in Tucson, Arizona. There are no known offset agreements in connection with this potential sale.
      Implementation of this proposed sale will require travel of U.S. Government or contractor representatives to Turkey on a temporary basis for program technical support and management oversight.
      There will be no adverse impact on U.S. defense readiness as a result of this proposed sale.
      Transmittal No. 12-12Notice of Proposed Issuance of Letter of Offer Pursuant to Section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control ActAnnexItem No. vii(vii) Sensitivity of Technology:
      1. The AIM-9X-2 SIDEWINDER Block II Missile represents a substantial increase in missile acquisition and kinematics performance over the AIM-9M and replaces the AIM-9X-1 Block I missile configuration. The missile includes a high off bore-sight seeker, enhanced countermeasure rejection capability, low drag/high angle of attack airframe and the ability to integrate the Helmet Mounted Cueing System. The software algorithms are the most sensitive portion of the AIM-9X-2 missile. The software continues to be modified via a pre-planned product improvement (P [3] I) program in order to improve its counter-countermeasures capabilities. No software source code or algorithms will be released.
      2. The AIM-9X-2 will result in the transfer of sensitive technology and information. The equipment, hardware, and documentation are classified Confidential. The software and operational performance are classified Secret. The seeker/guidance control section and the target detector are Confidential and contain sensitive state-of-the-art technology. Manuals and technical documentation that are necessary or support operational use and organizational management are classified up to Secret. Performance and operating logic of the counter-countermeasures circuits are classified Secret. The hardware, software, and data identified are classified to protect vulnerabilities, design and performance parameters and similar critical information.
      3. If a technologically advanced adversary were to obtain knowledge of the specific hardware and software elements, the information could be used to develop countermeasures that might reduce weapon system effectiveness or be used in the development of a system with similar or advanced capabilities.
      [FR Doc. 2012-31723 Filed 1-3-13; 8:45 am]
      BILLING CODE 5001-06-C
  Ministry of Truth
    Oliver Stone Rewrites History '-- Again - NYTimes.com
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 11:41
      ''Come on, that's such a canard, you know that,'' Oliver Stone said. '' 'The Greatest Generation?' That was the biggest publishing hoax of all. It's to sell books.'' This seemingly sacrosanct term was coined by Tom Brokaw for his 1998 book of the same title, in which he recounted the lives of ordinary, World War II-era Americans. ''I was in Vietnam with the Greatest Generation. They were master sergeants, generals, colonels. They had arrogance beyond belief. The hubris that allowed Henry Kissinger to say North Vietnam is a fourth-rate power we will break. The hubris of that!''
      We were discussing Stone's latest project, a 10-part Showtime series and a 750-page companion volume called ''The Untold History of the United States,'' which begins with World War I and ends with the first Obama administration. It's an Oliver Stone version of a History Channel documentary, one guaranteed to raise the ires of both left and right and where all roads lead to Vietnam. From where Stone sits, World War II begot the cold war, which landed us in Vietnam, a manifestation of American imperialism, which led inexorably to our current battle in Afghanistan. We have, Stone says, been sold a fairy tale masquerading as history, and it is so blinding it may ultimately undo us. ''You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian tribe riding into Rome in 476 A.D.,'' Stone said. ''It's quite a shock. And that's what will happen to us unless we change our attitude about what our role in the world is. Every story out of most newspapers is 'the Americans think this, the administration thinks this.' It's always about our controlling the pieces on the chessboard. I think what the Arabs have shown us is that we don't control the chess pieces. And this is a shock to many people. But it's definitely in 'The Greatest Generation.' And it's in Spielberg's World War II film, and it's in Ridley Scott's 'Black Hawk Down.' These are wonderful-looking films, but the message is perverted.''
      It was a late September morning, and Stone was sitting on the terrace of his hotel suite in San Sebastin, Spain, where his latest film, ''Savages,'' was being screened as part of the city's 60-year-old film festival. The sun was peeking through some late-morning clouds, glinting off the river below, and Stone shielded his eyes with a pair of sunglasses that could have been part of Kevin Costner's wardrobe in ''JFK.'' At a news conference he gave the day before, he suggested that the former Spanish president Jos(C) Mar­a Aznar should be tried at The Hague on war-crimes charges for his participation in Bush's Coalition of the Willing during the Iraq War. The remark presumably only enhanced his status in San Sebastin, where he was presented with the Donostia, the festival's lifetime achievement award. Before the premiere of ''Savages,'' Stone walked the red carpet with John Travolta and Benicio Del Toro, waiting, a bit impatiently, as Travolta, Bill Clinton-like, shook the hand of every fan reaching out to him from behind the barriers, kissed old ladies and posed for innumerable cellphone pictures; Stone shook some hands, too, but demurred when asked to kiss a small dog. ''Allergies,'' he explained, pointing to his nose.
      ''Savages,'' based on a popular 2010 novel by Don Winslow about a couple of boutique marijuana growers who are drawn into battle with a brutal Mexican drug cartel, covers terrain that is near to Stone's heart. To promote the film, he appeared on the cover of High Times, puffing on a thick joint. I mentioned to Stone that the reporter who interviewed him for Playboy in 1987 later wrote that the drunkest he'd ever gotten was with Stone, in Southampton, where Stone was filming the beach house scene in ''Wall Street.'' The reporter remembers several bottles of bourbon, and then little else until he woke the next morning, soaking wet. He'd passed out on the hotel lawn and was roused when the sprinklers started up. Stone chuckled. ''That is funny,'' he said. ''Because we've all had moments on lawns where we passed out. One time I was in the Bel-Air Hotel. I woke up in the bushes, and I couldn't find my way back. And my new wife was waiting. It was kind of a honeymoon. I remember stumbling in and her face when she saw me.'' Was the look on her face one of horror? I asked. ''Well, it was like she was in for something with the marriage here,'' he said. This was his first wife, Najwa Sarkis, he clarified (he has been married to Sun-jung Jung, his third wife, since 1996).
      But Stone isn't a kid anymore. He's 66, sometimes wears hearing aids and can't shake off hangovers the way he used to. (''Two vodkas or two tequilas and a few glasses of wine, that's the edge for me,'' he said.) It has been more than 25 years since his greatest critical and commercial success, ''Platoon,'' an autobiographical retelling of his Vietnam experience, which won best director and best picture and harvested almost $150 million at the domestic box office. And now he's at the age where he's considering his legacy. ''A lot of people when they get older they write autobiographies or memoirs,'' he said. ''But my priority would be to ask, What did the times I lived through mean? And did I understand them?''
      Stone modeled his new series on the landmark 1973-74 ITV series ''The World at War,'' which, at 26 episodes, is considered as exhaustive and authoritative a study of World War II as could be offered on television. Stone's ''Untold History'' jams almost 75 years of American history into just 10 hours, so that may kill the exhaustive angle, but Stone is certainly hoping for the authoritative bit. ''This,'' he pronounced, ''is truly the meaning of these events.''
      Spend any time with Stone, and you'll soon discover that he lacks what you might call the deliberation gene, whatever prevents us from saying things that will get us in trouble, lose us friendships, even jobs. Years ago, a producer on ''Nixon'' related that when he first introduced Stone to his mother, Stone declared, ''You look Chinese.'' (She was not.) At dinner, I watched Stone jokingly tell two female Spanish film executives that he missed the days when attractive Spanish women, with little economic opportunity at home, served as maids in wealthy French households. The day we met, I mentioned that my family would be leaving Brooklyn for Connecticut, where we don't know a soul. ''But, really, what's the worst thing that could happen?'' I said, offering the kind of throwaway phrase used to move from one topic to the next. Well, Stone postulated, quite earnestly, you could end up going through an acrimonious divorce and then be forced to wage an expensive battle over custody of your children.
      Stone often comes to understand, too late, the consequences of his words. In Spain, he talked openly about the furor that ensued when, in 2010, a British journalist asked him why people were so fixated on memorializing the Holocaust, considering, as he told her, that ''Hitler did far more damage to the Russians'' than he did to the Jews and that the Russians lost ''25, 30 million'' in the war. It was, Stone claimed, because of what he called ''the Jewish domination of the media'' and Israel's ''powerful lobby in Washington.'' As TheWrap.com reported, this did not go over well with some in Hollywood, notably with the entertainment magnate Haim Saban, a promi­nent supporter of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, who personally lobbied the president of CBS, Leslie Moonves, to kill the series on Showtime (owned by CBS). Soon after, Stone apologized to the Anti-Defamation League, retracting his claim that Israel and the pro-Israel lobby were to blame for America's ''flawed foreign policy.'' ''Of course that's not true, and I apologize that my inappropriately glib remark has played into that negative stereotype,'' his statement read. In Spain, I asked if he stood by this abject apology. ''I don't know about the word 'abject,' '' he said. ''I did use the wrong word, and I had to apologize because I should not have used the word 'Jewish.' That was the only thing that's frankly wrong in that statement. I was upset at the time about Israel and their control, their seeming control over American foreign policy. It's clear that Jews do not dominate the media. Rupert Murdoch, Clear Channel, Christians dominate much of the right wing. But certainly Aipac has an undue influence. They were very much militating for the war in Iraq. They got it.''
      A few days after returning from Europe, Stone sent me a long e-mail, clarifying a few of the more inflammatory things he'd said. He also requested that I not call CBS to inquire about the seeming retraction of his retraction, concerned that Showtime might flinch and pull his as-yet unbroadcast ''Untold History'' series. ''Feel free to write about it, but why go now and wave a red flag in front of bulls?'' he wrote. It had happened before. In 2003, HBO was set to broadcast his first Fidel Castro documentary, ''Comandante,'' in which Stone showed the Cuban leader speed-walking around his office, mooning over Brigitte Bardot and basking in the love of ebullient Cubans. When Castro executed three hijackers of a ferry to the United States and imprisoned more than 70 political dissidents, HBO pulled the program two weeks before airtime. ''I was heartbroken,'' Stone said.
      Considering his occasional disregard of others' feelings, Stone is surprisingly sensitive about his work. ''He's always experienced self-doubt because he's so often trying to break the rules,'' says Edward R. Pressman, who produced four of Stone's movies, including ''Wall Street.'' In Spain, Stone mentioned ''Heaven and Earth'' (1993), his third film about Vietnam, which, I admitted, I hadn't seen. ''No one has seen it,'' he lamented. ''It was my biggest financial failure. But I don't regret it. It was an amazingly beautiful movie, and I hope you see it one day.'' Sure I would, I told him. ''Will you?'' he said.
      When I returned home, I received a package from Stone's Ixtlan production company that, in addition to ''Heaven and Earth,'' included his three Castro documentaries, as well as a 3-hour-34-minute version of his epic ''Alexander.'' He can't stand the 2-hour-55-minute theatrical edit he made for Warner Brothers. ''It was really a two-part roadshow movie,'' he said. ''If I had had the confidence I would have made it that.''
      A few weeks later, he looked genuinely pained when I needled him about the Connecticut divorce comment he made in Spain. When he met my wife, he took her hands in his and told her, apologetically, ''I love Connecticut.''
      Last month, on the afternoon before the premiere of three episodes of ''Untold History'' at the New York Film Festival, Stone and Peter Kuznick were bickering in a conference room at Stone's publicity firm. Kuznick is the history professor at the American University in Washington who helped write the Showtime series and, even Stone admits, most of the book. At 64, Kuznick is Stone's contemporary, and the two men in their identical outfits of black jackets and pressed blue oxford shirts might suggest some sort of cosmic parity if their personal backgrounds weren't so dissimilar. Whereas Kuznick was raised by left-leaning, politically active Jews and joined the N.A.A.C.P. at age 12, Stone's political evolution has been a gradual but radical departure from his upbringing in the Upper East Side household of Louis Stone, a stockbroker and Eisenhower Republican, who instilled in his son an almost-paralyzing fear of Russia's global military and economic ascendancy. ''I remember crying, practically, and saying why aren't we doing anything?'' Stone said. He infuriated his father by dropping out of Yale after his first year (George W. Bush was in his freshman class) and later joined the Army and served in the infantry in Vietnam. Not long before enlisting, he tried, unsuccessfully, to sell a novel, an event he has said left him in a suicidal mood. He wanted to make his military experience as difficult as possible. ''I insisted on the infantry, and I insisted on Vietnam because I didn't want to end up going to Germany,'' he said. ''And I got that, which was good for me, because it woke me up.''
      In a very small way, the challenges of objectively documenting history are made manifest when you ask Stone and Kuznick how they came to work together on ''Untold History.'' Kuznick was a huge Oliver Stone fan, so much so that in 1996, he started teaching a course called Oliver Stone's America, which attracted, in its very first year, a visit from the only guy he considered an indispensable guest lecturer. Over dinner that evening, Kuznick regaled him with his take on Henry Wallace, vice president during F.D.R.'s third term, whom Kuznick considers a brilliant progressive and an unsung hero. During the 1944 Democratic convention, thanks to some conservative power players, Wallace, instead of being renominated for vice president, was at the last moment tossed aside for Harry Truman, a senator of limited experience who was only briefed that the United States was building the atomic bomb after Roosevelt died. If Wallace rather than Truman had become president, Kuznick told Stone, the United States might not have dropped atomic bombs on Japan, and the cold war might never have started.
      Stone commissioned Kuznick to write a treatment. Kuznick, convinced that he'd been ushered into the movie business, got himself a William Morris agent, who lobbied for Kuznick to write the script. But the screenplay suffered the same fate as several of Stone's pet projects '-- the C.I.A.-hunting-Bin-Laden project, the Manuel Noriega project, the My Lai project. That is, it died. And this is where Kuznick and Stone's versions of history diverge.
      Stone: ''It was a great idea. I'd never heard the story, and I wanted to do a '40s kind of movie. It was perfect. And he [expletive] up the screenplay.''
      Kuznick: ''Don't believe that, because Oliver told a mutual friend of ours who told me, 'Oliver said it's a work of genius, I'm dying to make it.' ''
      Stone: ''Nooo!''
      Kuznick: ''Well, you did. You forgot.''
      A decade later, Stone told Kuznick he wanted his help on a 90-minute documentary about Wallace, Truman and the birth of the atom bomb. Soon after, the 90-minute documentary morphed, Kuznick was never sure how, into a 10-hour Showtime series that he was on the hook to write and research. Both men make the four years it took to put together the series sound about as much fun as the siege of Leningrad. Stone missed his deadline by two full years, and his foreign distributor almost ditched the project. It was one of the many bumps that didn't go unfelt by Kuznick. ''Oliver is always good about sharing the pressure,'' Kuznick told me. ''Whatever pressure Oliver is feeling, I would get a double dose of.'' As we talked, Kuznick's cellphone rang. It was Stone, who was about to be interviewed for the Carson Daly show and needed stats on how much the United States committed to pay the U.S.S.R. in reparations after World War II, and how much, per year, the United States spends in Afghanistan per Al Qaeda member who actually resides in Afghanistan.
      Kuznick is not the first expert Stone has relied on in making his films. ''JFK'' was based on ''On the Trail of the Assassins,'' by Jim Garrison, a former Orleans Parish district attorney who, in 1969, unsuccessfully prosecuted Clay Shaw, a New Orleans businessman, for conspiring to kill the president. Kevin Costner played Garrison as an Atticus Finch type fighting an ingrained power structure, though Garrison is dismissed by many mainstream historians as a con man. In researching ''JFK,'' Stone also relied on L. Fletcher Prouty, a former Air Force colonel who, before becoming disillusioned with government, was chief of special operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Kennedy administration. Prouty never actually met Garrison except in Stone's film, where he is Donald Sutherland's Colonel X, who lays it all out for the D.A. in the shadow of the Washington Monument '-- how the military deliberately underprotected the president in Dallas, how defense contractors, big oil and bankers conspired with the military to make sure the president died because he didn't intend to go to war in Vietnam. Costner is a kind of stand-in for Stone, soberly shaking his head as X says: ''Does that sound like a bunch of coincidences to you, Mr. Garrison? Not for one moment.''
      In advance of the film's release, Stone pronounced ''JFK'' ''a history lesson.'' Prouty, however, who died in 2001, turned out to be extremely problematic. He had many theories in addition to his theories on Kennedy, including that the Joint Chiefs of Staff had foreknowledge of the Jonestown Massacre and that greedy oil barons invented the fiction that oil is made of decomposed fossils. And it was Prouty, Stone said, who turned him on to ''The Report From Iron Mountain,'' a 1967 document ostensibly written by a secret panel of military planners. The document is a favorite among conspiracy theorists, who, like Prouty, seem unaware that in 1972 the satirist Leonard Lewin admitted he wrote it. ''I've acknowledged when I've made mistakes,'' Stone said of the movie now. ''There were a few mistakes, but nothing that changes the big story.''
      It has been more than 20 years since Stone made ''JFK,'' a film that he now says should be looked at not as history but as a dramatized version of it '-- ''the spirit of the truth.'' ''It's called dramatic license,'' Stone said about his approach in ''JFK.'' ''It's a noble tradition. The Greeks did it, Homer did it, Shakespeare did it.'' Increased historical rigor may explain why his portrayal of Nixon's life was deemed judicious by comparison, and even why, to the great chagrin of his liberal fans, ''W.'' was judged a sympathetic portrayal of Bush. (''It's empathy,'' he said, clearly irritated by that take. ''It's not sympathy. I repeat, I did not like George Bush, nor did I like Richard Nixon.'') This time, perhaps, having a bona fide tenured professor on his side will silence his many critics.
      The screening of ''Untold History'' during the New York Film Festival early last month suggested that he might have a hit. At the end of the third hour, the crowd roared its approval. The cheers got only louder when Stone sauntered onstage for a postscreening panel discussion. ''So much of what I saw today is what we try to do at The Nation,'' said Katrina vanden Heuvel, the publisher and editor of the left's beloved 147-year-old weekly. ''To challenge the orthodoxy, challenge the conformity of our history and to speak truth to power.'' Jonathan Schell, a journalist who also writes for The Nation, concurred.
      Stone didn't seem particularly riveted by the conversation at first, leaning back in his chair, gripping the bridge of his nose as if he had a sinus headache and sometimes closing his eyes so that, owing to his bushy Brezhnev eyebrows, he looked like a Russian premier lying in state. Just when the panel started to feel like a wonky meeting of Park Slope Food Coop members, the historian Douglas Brinkley stirred things up. Even though Brinkley provided the authors a nice blurb, calling the book ''a brave revisionist study which shatters many foreign policy myths,'' he had a few bones to pick with the project. Brinkley, who has written several notable histories, said he thought the series had gone too far in demonizing Truman. ''Truman is one of the most popular presidents in American history, and he's popular for doing a bunch of things,'' he said. Brinkley mentioned how Truman presided over the end of World War II, racially integrated American troops, helped create the state of Israel and airlifted supplies into Soviet-blockaded West Berlin. ''The only opening you're giving him is that he was a na¯f,'' Brinkley said. This perked Stone right up. He shook his head. ''If he'd done something noble, believe me, we're not looking to cut it out,'' Stone said, earning him a round of applause. ''I just don't see any nobleness.''
      But Brinkley has a point. If the only thing you ever learned about Truman was from ''Untold History,'' you might conclude he was a virulent racist, mentally unfit for office and suffering from a gender confusion that led to mass murder. ''He was bullied by other boys who called him 'Four Eyes' and 'sissy' and chased him home after school,'' Stone narrates. ''When he arrived home, trembling, his mother would comfort him by telling him not to worry because he was meant to be a girl anyway.'' This, the series implies, might explain why Truman dropped atomic bombs on Japan '-- not to end the war but to flex his muscles and intimidate Stalin, as he himself had been intimidated as a boy.
      While Stone glancingly acknowledges Stalin's mass murder of his own people, Stalin, compared with Truman, still comes off as heroic, as an honest negotiator who, following F.D.R.'s death, was faced at every turn with Truman's diplomatic perfidy. (Stalin promised that after he defeated Germany, he'd invade Japan, but Truman dropped the bomb anyway.) Stone also sees America's role in the war as exaggerated. ''The Soviets were regularly battling more than 200 German divisions. . . . The Americans and the British fighting in the Mediterranean rarely confronted more than 10,'' Stone narrates.
      If Truman represents the black hat of ''The Untold History,'' the white hats belong to those whose promise was unfulfilled '-- F.D.R., who died before he could make peace in Europe and Asia humanely, and Kennedy, cut down before he could stem aggression toward Communist elements in Southeast Asia. (The cold war, the series posits, was mostly a product of American paranoia and imperialist ambitions. Stalin was essentially pulled onto the dance floor by the United States, and Russia's continued domination of Eastern Europe mainly a defensive response to our nuclear program and the establishment of American military bases throughout Europe.) The biggest hero of all, though, is the man who inspired the whole project: Henry Wallace. In the series, Wallace is treated to reverent orchestral music when his face appears on-screen, intercut at times with clips from ''Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.'' ''Wallace stuck out like a sore thumb on Capitol Hill,'' Stone narrates. ''He studied Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. . . . He liked to spend evenings reading or throwing boomerangs on the Potomac.''
      Onstage, Kuznick said that he and Stone wanted to highlight pivotal moments in history when better decisions could have been made. ''We actually came very close to having a very different kind of history,'' he said. ''We want to give people the ability to think in a utopian fashion again.'' I asked Stone what would have happened had Wallace, not Truman, become president. ''There would not have been this cold war,'' he said. ''There would have been the continuation of the Roosevelt-Stalin working out of things. Vietnam wouldn't have happened.''
      While to his fans Stone's alternate histories are provocative, his detractors see them as grossly irresponsible cherry-picking. The conservative historian and CUNY emeritus professor Ronald Radosh said he found himself wanting to do harm to his television while watching the first four episodes, which he reviewed for the right-wing Weekly Standard. Radosh had been blogging skeptically about the Stone project since its announcement in 2010, but now that he'd actually seen it, he said, it was the historian rather than the conservative in him who was most offended. ''Historians can have different interpretations, but based on evidence,'' he said. ''What these other guys do is manipulate evidence and ignore evidence that does not fit their predetermined thesis, and that's why they're wrong.'' According to Radosh, Stone and Kuznick's take on the United States' role in the cold war mirrors the argument in ''We Can Be Friends,'' a book published in 1952 by Carl Marzani, who was convicted of concealing his affiliation to the Communist Party when he joined the O.S.S., the precursor to the C.I.A. ''This Stone-Kuznick film could have been put out in 1955 as Soviet propaganda,'' Radosh said. ''They use all the old stuff.''
      Radosh, who grew up as a Red Diaper baby in Washington Heights and only later turned to the right, thinks of himself as intimately familiar with the ''old stuff.'' But fearing he might be dismissed as partisan, he insisted I reach out to Sean Wilentz, a Princeton historian who, owing to his strident defense of Bill Clinton during his impeachment hearings and to his 2006 Rolling Stone cover article on George W. Bush, ''The Worst President in History?'' is regarded as decidedly left-leaning. When I spoke to him, Wilentz said: ''You can't get two historians more unlike each other than me and Ronnie Radosh. But we can agree about this. It's ridiculous.'' Wilentz was in the middle of writing a review of Stone's book. ''Always beware of books that describe themselves as the untold history of anything, because it's usually been told before,'' he said. ''It sets up this thing that there is some sort of mysterious force suppressing the true facts, right? Glenn Beck does this all the time. It's the same thing here, except this is basically a very standard left-wing, C.P., fellow traveler, Wallace-ite vision of what happened in 1945-46.'' It's not, Wilentz continued, that the questions raised aren't worth raising. ''Is there a legitimate argument to be made about the origins of our nuclear diplomacy or the decision to build the H-bomb?'' he said. ''Of course there is. But it's so overloaded with ideological distortion that this question doesn't get raised in an intelligent way. And once a question gets raised in an unintelligent way, then you are off in cloud-cuckoo land.''
      But for some, Stone's work, though flawed, does succeed in reorienting our perspective. ''What Stone makes you rethink, which is very valuable, is why later in life did Truman have to take on such a macho posture?'' Brinkley said after the screening. ''I would think you'd be a little bit concerned about wiping out a civilian population and being the only president to use nuclear weapons.'' Brinkley was referring to a clip Stone included from a 1958 interview Truman did with Edward R. Murrow, in which he was asked if the bomb was really necessary. Truman answered, chillingly: ''We had this powerful new weapon. I had no qualms about using it.''
      ''Untold History'' wants to present itself as the whole truth and nothing but. Yet Stone has always fared best as a provocateur. ''JFK'' may not be particularly good history, but so many people believed his film to be a document of the actual conspiracy, and so many others dismissed it as hooey, that Congress passed the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act in 1992, which precipitated the release of millions of pages of documents. We would never discover that L.B.J. had a hand in the killing '-- as Colonel X's monologue in the movie would have us believe '-- but we did find out that L.B.J. thought preposterous the Warren Commission's ''magic bullet'' explanation for how one bullet could have passed through the bodies of Kennedy and John Connally only to emerge pristine. And all the talk of forged autopsy records, which to many seemed like cloud-cuckoo land, didn't seem so crazy after documents revealed that the pathologist who performed the J.F.K. autopsy had burned his original notes and replaced them with an edited version. This is unimpeachably good history that is directly attributable to Oliver Stone's not being a great historian.
      On Nov. 10, two days before the premiere of ''Untold History'' on Showtime, Kuznick was onstage at the 92nd Street Y, crowing a bit about the project's reception. (He hadn't yet heard the excoriating opinions of Wilentz and others.) ''It's interesting to see the early reviews,'' Kuznick said. ''They're all glowing, really. I mean, nobody's challenging anything we're saying, either our facts or our interpretations.'' Stone, sitting next to him, gestured with his hands, as if to calm him down. ''Well, it's early,'' Stone said.
      This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
      Correction: December 9, 2012
      An article on Nov. 25 about the film director Oliver Stone misstated the name of the city in Spain where his latest film, ''Savages,'' was screened. It was San Sebastin, not St. Sebastin.
      This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
      Correction: December 23, 2012
      An article on Nov. 25 about the film director Oliver Stone misidentified the television network that originally broadcast the British documentary ''The World at War'' in 1973-74. It was ITV, not the BBC.
    NATO - Official text: 'The Atlantic Charter' - Declaration of Principles issued by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 14-Aug.-1941
      After the final destruction of Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want.
      They believe all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well spiritual reasons, must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea, or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measures which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armament."
      Such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance.
    Nancy Pelosi defends doctored picture of House Democratic women
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 00:03
      WASHINGTON -- House minority leader Nancy Pelosi on Friday defended an altered picture of Democratic congresswomen that was posted on her Flickr photo-sharing site.
      The photo showed four House members who were not in the original picture, which was taken Thursday when lawmakers were sworn in as members of the 113th Congress. They arrived at the Capitol steps late, and their images were inserted with a computer program.
      "It was an accurate historical record of who the Democratic women of Congress are," Pelosi told a news conference. "It also is an accurate record that it was freezing cold and our members had been waiting a long time for everyone to arrive and ... had to get back into the building to greet
      constituents, family members, to get ready to go to the floor. It wasn't like they had the rest of the day to stand there."Pelosi said the photo reflected the nation's diversity, because it included women from every community and religious faith.
      "So we were pretty excited about it," Pelosi said. "We got a lot of response back from the country, and one I loved was when they said, 'Can the women in Congress hear the people cheering across the country?'"
      There are 61 Democratic congresswomen, including Pelosi.
      Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
  Gold
    Plane Laden with 1.5 tons of Gold Held in Istanbul
      Link to Article
      Source: RIA Novosti
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:40
      MOSCOW, January 6 (RIA Novosti) '' A cargo plane carrying 1.5 tons of gold from Ghana to Dubai has been held at Istanbul airport for four days due to missing documents, local media said on Sunday.
      Airbus-A300 F type cargo, belonging to a Turkish airline, arrived at Istanbul's Ataturk Airport on January 1 for refueling, Hurriyet Daily News reported
      However, the plane was locked up and sealed after the crew failed to present the necessary documents.
      Some reports said the plane actually came from Algeria and could be flying to another country.
  Pharma Shill$
    Dr. Drew Allegedly Paid $275,000 To Illegally Promote GlaxoSmithKline Drugs
  Chemtrails
    Aerosol Operation Crimes & Cover Up
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 13:41
      Aerosol Operation Crimes & Cover UpMORGELLONS :THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEMClifford E CarnicomJune 14 2010
      Note: I am not offering any medical advice or diagnosis with the presentation of this information. I am acting solely as an independent researcher providing the results of extended observation and analysis of unusual biological conditions that are evident. Each individual must work with their own health professional to establish any appropriate course of action and any health related comments in this paper are solely for informational purposes and they are from my own perspective.
      Those that are familiar with my work know that I take issue with the claim put forth that the so-called "Morgellons" condition is a highly restricted situation that affects only a few individuals that happen to manifest a certain set of skin conditions. To the contrary, the work shows that the general population appears be to subject to the condition and that the criteria used to establish its existence should be focused on biological change and manifestations WITHIN the body. It is my position that filaments that occur within the body and the alteration of the blood are more suitable criteria upon which to establish the presence or absence of the condition.
      Thus far, every individual that has participated in this testing reveals this internal change, and it is only the degree of change and alteration within the body that varies. It remains hopeful that exceptions to this generalization will be found in the future as a basis for more study. Given the state of affairs, however, these changes can in no way be considered to be "normal", just as the engineered physical alterations to our planet (with emphasis upon our atmosphere) can not be accepted as "normal". This is a truth regardless of the amount of time that we are subjected to these injustices.
      The purpose is this paper is to make an emotional appeal to you. Adequate time to lay the groundwork of scientific method and discovery has been provided in a myriad of ways and it is now time to ask the more basic and fundamental questions:
      At what point do you realize that you are involved?
      At what point do you realize that your children are involved?
      At what point do you realize that those you know and love are involved?
      At what point do you realize that life beyond yourself is involved?
      And at what point do you realize that the life and health of the planet itself is involved?
      Rest assured, I will add to our "clinical body of knowledge"... But if this is all that can be seen, and if this is all that you are looking for at this stage of the game, then you have missed out on the scale of the problem and of your own participation in the problem. A passive acceptance of injustice is no longer excusable if the future course of events is clear with no underlying change in prospect.
      Let us now go on in the more comfortable vein of providing you with "more evidence" that there is indeed a problem. Over the past couple of years, I would estimate that at least three dozen people have participated in the study of internal biological changes that I have initiated. The studies were an outgrowth of the initial studies that focused upon the skin (external) alterations that are more commonly reported to establish the existence of the condition. It became apparent to me that such external examinations were not sufficient to establish the underlying basis of the condition. Only time and proper effort will identify the true distribution of the condition and the causative factors, but based upon the work herein it is certainly statistically fair at this point to include the entire population as under risk. Furthermore, the work shows that examination of the human form alone is myopic enough in its own right.
      I do not always have the means, time or resources to continue repeating certain tests unless additional cause or information comes to light. Such additional cause of information is the subject of this paper. The opportunity to further investigate the influence of diet and age upon the Morgellons conditions has arisen, and my appreciation is extended to these two individuals that have added to our body of knowledge on this subject. One of the individuals that has participated in this study is that of a 37 year old life-long vegetarian male and the other is that of an 8 year old male child. The results of the work are presented below for your study. When you have finished with your study on this occasion, I am asking you to return to the series of questions that have been asked of you above. This time, for us to continue with this dialog, I must ask YOU for YOUR answers.
      PHOTOGRAPHS:
      37 Year Old Vegetarian Male :
      A case of the dental sample for the 37 year old vegetarian male. The process of sampling is as follows: The mouth of the subject is cleaned thoroughly so that no evidence of any solid material within the mouth is visible whatsoever. The individual then takes approximately 20 ml. (i.e., a swig) of red wine and vigorously swishes the wine in the mouth, gums and teeth for approximately three minutes. The contents of the solution after this time period are expelled into a petri dish and the majority of the wine siphoned off. The procedure is then repeated two more times, for a total exposure of approximately 9-10 minutes. The individual shows no anomalies at the skin level. The material shown here is of a filament nature (it is not a precipitate; this will be discussed further below) and it has been reported on and described in detail extensively on this site. The correspondence of this material from inside the body has been made with filament samples acquired from the skin (i.e, exterior of the body). The correspondence of this sample material with that of certain environmental samples has also been made. See prior reports.
      The red blood cells of the same 37 year old vegetarian male examined under the microscope at high power (approx. 10,000x). This individual states himself to be in apparent good health prior to the observations provided here. The correspondence of the structures that are degrading the cell walls of the red blood cells (bacterial-like) and those that have been continually found within the filament samples (environmental, skin and dental) has been repeatedly made. Please also refer to the paper entitled "A Mechanism of Blood Damage" dated Dec. 14, 2009 for further information on this subject. The damage to the integrity of the cell walls is apparent, and is identical to that first observed as characteristic of individuals manifesting skin anomalies reported in association with the so-called "Morgellons" condition. The condition of the cells shown in this image is typical and representative of the entire sample observed.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 37 year old vegetarian male. This individual eats dairy products but no meat. This individual has the distinct background of having been a vegetarian from a very early age (i.e., approximately since he was 4 years old).Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 37 year old vegetarian male. The significant disruption to the cellular structures as has been reported on extensively on this site is apparent. Individuals sampled thus far vary widely in age, location and are of both sexes.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      8 Year Old Male Child :
      The case of the dental sample for the 8 year old child. The procedure followed is identical to that described for the 37 year old male above. Filament samples are once again visible. The material is of a filament nature; it is NOT a precipitate (see additional note below). This is the second occasion on which a child has participated in the studies with the permission of the parents. In both cases the results are affirmative and identical with respect to the presence of the filaments INTERNAL to the body. The individual displays no skin anomalies. For previous work that is relevant to this presentation, please refer to the paper entitled "And Now Our Children", dated Jan 11, 2008.
      The condition of the red blood cells of the 8 year old child in coincidence with the dental samples provided in this test. No additional comments will be made. Please refer to the voluminous work on this subject prior to this paper. I also refer you to the series of questions that are the basis of this paper.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 8 year old child in coincidence with the dental samples provided in this test.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 8 year old child in coincidence with the dental samples provided in this test.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      Some Prospects for the Future :
      This series of photographs is NOT presented as a cure or solution to anything. They do, however, present the potential merits of dedicated research that are in opposition to any acquiescence to the current state of affairs. These photographs represents the condition of the blood of an individual that has pursued certain strategies that have been recently proposed and outlined through this site. The strategies are centered on the benefits and disadvantages of alkaline vs. acidic diets and on the role of anti-oxidants with respect to health. The strategies are the result of certain filament culture trials that have described at some length on this site. No medical advice or diagnosis is implied or stated herein; each individual is responsible for consultation with the health professional of their choice for any choice of action pursued. The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only. Please refer to the notice at the beginning of this paper and as pronounced ubiquitously on this site.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      The photographs of the red blood cells shown here are representative only on the date of this work, approximately May of 2010. Indeed, one of the conclusions that has been reached through observations is that the condition of the blood can change fairly rapidly, e.g. over a 3 week interval. The life cycle of a red blood cell is approximately 3 months, however, significant changes in the general condition of the blood (both improvement and degradation) have repeatedly occurred within the fairly brief interval of 3 weeks. Monitoring of the blood on a continuous basis is therefore another strategy that may be evaluated as to its merit in the assessment of the "Morgellons" condition. What is generally shown here is a return of the cells to a more uniform geometry and integrity that does follow a period of increased alkalinity and antioxidants within the diet of the individual. It is also true to state that the condition of the cells of this individual, several months past, were quite similar to the degraded examples shown above. Sharp and fairly rapid periods of degradation have also been observed, and therefore these photographs present only potential benefits from the current research and not absolute benefits. Each individual must consult with their own health professional to evaluate any strategies for improved health.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      This photograph shows what appears to be a white blood cell in the process of engulfing the bacterial-like structures that have been under extensive study. This type of observation has in general been quite rare. The observation suggests the enhancement of the immune system may have some effectiveness in diminishing the numbers of the growth form. Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      This photographs is representative of why emphatically no solution or "cure" to this biological condition is claimed or implied herein. It has been observed that the blood serum appears to be a primary carrier of the bacterial-like structures (see A Mechanism of Blood Damage). Therefore, cases have been observed where the blood cell geometry has returned to a more normal form but the distributions of the bacterial-like forms remain extensive in the surrounding serum. Each individual is to consult with their own medical professional for any interpretation and advice of any results shown here or on this site. Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      A Typical Example of What We Are Facing :
      This is a representative example of the filament culture in mid-stage growth. This filament growth has resulted from a dental sample "seed", as outlined in red within the photograph. The culture medium is white wine. Various mediums have been found to be productive, but the simplest and most useful thus far is that of both red and white wines. There are four primary stages of growth that have described in the reports. The first is the chlamydia-like (bacterial like) growth stage. The second (additional, not replacement) is the pleomorphic growth for which mycoplasma-like forms remain a candidate. The third stage (additional, not replacement) is the filament growth (as shown here) . The fourth stage (additional, not replacement) is the development of erthyrocytic forms within the filament growth.
      Within the filament stage of growth, there are 3 stages of sub-growth that occur. The first stage of filament growth is pure white in color. This stage can be seen on the boundaries and edges of the primary growth shown above. This stage is short-lived, commonly on the order of 1-3 days. The second stage is a transformation to a greenish color, and this dominates the mid-stage of growth as shown above. This stage can commonly last on the order of two to three weeks. The final stage is a transformation to a deep black color (not shown). The complete process can take commonly on the order of two to three months to complete. When the black stage of growth is complete (mature stage) the consistency of the growth begins to approximate a tar-like nature. The growth solution (originally wine) becomes darker and more viscous in nature.
      Additional Note: It is claimed by some "parties" that the dental samples obtained are "normal" and that there is "nothing to be concerned about" with the subjects of these reports. The basis of this claim is a known reaction that takes place between red wines and saliva, whereby a precipitate is formed. It is claimed that such precipitates are the basis of these reports, and hence there is no concern for the findings shown.. These claims are inadequate and false for the following reasons:
      1. What is observed and reported upon, for many years now, is a FILAMENT structure. It is NOT a precipitate.2. The reaction between saliva and red wines does indeed occur, and it has been studied extensively under the microscope. The precipitate is in no way identical or similar to the filament material that is the subject of the reports.3. The sheer volume of filament materials produced, as in the first example shown above, is enough to eliminate any realistic portrayal as a precipitate formation.4. The precipitate test can be easily reproduced and examined outside of the body, as it is not dependent upon material that emanates from the gums of the individual, as the specimens of these reports do. The wine-saliva-precipitate reaction is dependent only upon the interactions between wine and saliva, and is relatively trivial compared to the materials that are shown here. The material that is the subject of this report emanates from the gums of the individual.
      Back to Aerosol Operations Main PageCarnicom Institute
      Aerosol Operation Crimes & Cover UpMORGELLONS :THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEMClifford E CarnicomJune 14 2010
      Note: I am not offering any medical advice or diagnosis with the presentation of this information. I am acting solely as an independent researcher providing the results of extended observation and analysis of unusual biological conditions that are evident. Each individual must work with their own health professional to establish any appropriate course of action and any health related comments in this paper are solely for informational purposes and they are from my own perspective.
      Those that are familiar with my work know that I take issue with the claim put forth that the so-called "Morgellons" condition is a highly restricted situation that affects only a few individuals that happen to manifest a certain set of skin conditions. To the contrary, the work shows that the general population appears be to subject to the condition and that the criteria used to establish its existence should be focused on biological change and manifestations WITHIN the body. It is my position that filaments that occur within the body and the alteration of the blood are more suitable criteria upon which to establish the presence or absence of the condition.
      Thus far, every individual that has participated in this testing reveals this internal change, and it is only the degree of change and alteration within the body that varies. It remains hopeful that exceptions to this generalization will be found in the future as a basis for more study. Given the state of affairs, however, these changes can in no way be considered to be "normal", just as the engineered physical alterations to our planet (with emphasis upon our atmosphere) can not be accepted as "normal". This is a truth regardless of the amount of time that we are subjected to these injustices.
      The purpose is this paper is to make an emotional appeal to you. Adequate time to lay the groundwork of scientific method and discovery has been provided in a myriad of ways and it is now time to ask the more basic and fundamental questions:
      At what point do you realize that you are involved?
      At what point do you realize that your children are involved?
      At what point do you realize that those you know and love are involved?
      At what point do you realize that life beyond yourself is involved?
      And at what point do you realize that the life and health of the planet itself is involved?
      Rest assured, I will add to our "clinical body of knowledge"... But if this is all that can be seen, and if this is all that you are looking for at this stage of the game, then you have missed out on the scale of the problem and of your own participation in the problem. A passive acceptance of injustice is no longer excusable if the future course of events is clear with no underlying change in prospect.
      Let us now go on in the more comfortable vein of providing you with "more evidence" that there is indeed a problem. Over the past couple of years, I would estimate that at least three dozen people have participated in the study of internal biological changes that I have initiated. The studies were an outgrowth of the initial studies that focused upon the skin (external) alterations that are more commonly reported to establish the existence of the condition. It became apparent to me that such external examinations were not sufficient to establish the underlying basis of the condition. Only time and proper effort will identify the true distribution of the condition and the causative factors, but based upon the work herein it is certainly statistically fair at this point to include the entire population as under risk. Furthermore, the work shows that examination of the human form alone is myopic enough in its own right.
      I do not always have the means, time or resources to continue repeating certain tests unless additional cause or information comes to light. Such additional cause of information is the subject of this paper. The opportunity to further investigate the influence of diet and age upon the Morgellons conditions has arisen, and my appreciation is extended to these two individuals that have added to our body of knowledge on this subject. One of the individuals that has participated in this study is that of a 37 year old life-long vegetarian male and the other is that of an 8 year old male child. The results of the work are presented below for your study. When you have finished with your study on this occasion, I am asking you to return to the series of questions that have been asked of you above. This time, for us to continue with this dialog, I must ask YOU for YOUR answers.
      PHOTOGRAPHS:
      37 Year Old Vegetarian Male :
      A case of the dental sample for the 37 year old vegetarian male. The process of sampling is as follows: The mouth of the subject is cleaned thoroughly so that no evidence of any solid material within the mouth is visible whatsoever. The individual then takes approximately 20 ml. (i.e., a swig) of red wine and vigorously swishes the wine in the mouth, gums and teeth for approximately three minutes. The contents of the solution after this time period are expelled into a petri dish and the majority of the wine siphoned off. The procedure is then repeated two more times, for a total exposure of approximately 9-10 minutes. The individual shows no anomalies at the skin level. The material shown here is of a filament nature (it is not a precipitate; this will be discussed further below) and it has been reported on and described in detail extensively on this site. The correspondence of this material from inside the body has been made with filament samples acquired from the skin (i.e, exterior of the body). The correspondence of this sample material with that of certain environmental samples has also been made. See prior reports.
      The red blood cells of the same 37 year old vegetarian male examined under the microscope at high power (approx. 10,000x). This individual states himself to be in apparent good health prior to the observations provided here. The correspondence of the structures that are degrading the cell walls of the red blood cells (bacterial-like) and those that have been continually found within the filament samples (environmental, skin and dental) has been repeatedly made. Please also refer to the paper entitled "A Mechanism of Blood Damage" dated Dec. 14, 2009 for further information on this subject. The damage to the integrity of the cell walls is apparent, and is identical to that first observed as characteristic of individuals manifesting skin anomalies reported in association with the so-called "Morgellons" condition. The condition of the cells shown in this image is typical and representative of the entire sample observed.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 37 year old vegetarian male. This individual eats dairy products but no meat. This individual has the distinct background of having been a vegetarian from a very early age (i.e., approximately since he was 4 years old).Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 37 year old vegetarian male. The significant disruption to the cellular structures as has been reported on extensively on this site is apparent. Individuals sampled thus far vary widely in age, location and are of both sexes.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      8 Year Old Male Child :
      The case of the dental sample for the 8 year old child. The procedure followed is identical to that described for the 37 year old male above. Filament samples are once again visible. The material is of a filament nature; it is NOT a precipitate (see additional note below). This is the second occasion on which a child has participated in the studies with the permission of the parents. In both cases the results are affirmative and identical with respect to the presence of the filaments INTERNAL to the body. The individual displays no skin anomalies. For previous work that is relevant to this presentation, please refer to the paper entitled "And Now Our Children", dated Jan 11, 2008.
      The condition of the red blood cells of the 8 year old child in coincidence with the dental samples provided in this test. No additional comments will be made. Please refer to the voluminous work on this subject prior to this paper. I also refer you to the series of questions that are the basis of this paper.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 8 year old child in coincidence with the dental samples provided in this test.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      An additional example of the condition of the red blood cells of the 8 year old child in coincidence with the dental samples provided in this test.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      Some Prospects for the Future :
      This series of photographs is NOT presented as a cure or solution to anything. They do, however, present the potential merits of dedicated research that are in opposition to any acquiescence to the current state of affairs. These photographs represents the condition of the blood of an individual that has pursued certain strategies that have been recently proposed and outlined through this site. The strategies are centered on the benefits and disadvantages of alkaline vs. acidic diets and on the role of anti-oxidants with respect to health. The strategies are the result of certain filament culture trials that have described at some length on this site. No medical advice or diagnosis is implied or stated herein; each individual is responsible for consultation with the health professional of their choice for any choice of action pursued. The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only. Please refer to the notice at the beginning of this paper and as pronounced ubiquitously on this site.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      The photographs of the red blood cells shown here are representative only on the date of this work, approximately May of 2010. Indeed, one of the conclusions that has been reached through observations is that the condition of the blood can change fairly rapidly, e.g. over a 3 week interval. The life cycle of a red blood cell is approximately 3 months, however, significant changes in the general condition of the blood (both improvement and degradation) have repeatedly occurred within the fairly brief interval of 3 weeks. Monitoring of the blood on a continuous basis is therefore another strategy that may be evaluated as to its merit in the assessment of the "Morgellons" condition. What is generally shown here is a return of the cells to a more uniform geometry and integrity that does follow a period of increased alkalinity and antioxidants within the diet of the individual. It is also true to state that the condition of the cells of this individual, several months past, were quite similar to the degraded examples shown above. Sharp and fairly rapid periods of degradation have also been observed, and therefore these photographs present only potential benefits from the current research and not absolute benefits. Each individual must consult with their own health professional to evaluate any strategies for improved health.Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      This photograph shows what appears to be a white blood cell in the process of engulfing the bacterial-like structures that have been under extensive study. This type of observation has in general been quite rare. The observation suggests the enhancement of the immune system may have some effectiveness in diminishing the numbers of the growth form. Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      This photographs is representative of why emphatically no solution or "cure" to this biological condition is claimed or implied herein. It has been observed that the blood serum appears to be a primary carrier of the bacterial-like structures (see A Mechanism of Blood Damage). Therefore, cases have been observed where the blood cell geometry has returned to a more normal form but the distributions of the bacterial-like forms remain extensive in the surrounding serum. Each individual is to consult with their own medical professional for any interpretation and advice of any results shown here or on this site. Magnification approx. 10,000x.
      A Typical Example of What We Are Facing :
      This is a representative example of the filament culture in mid-stage growth. This filament growth has resulted from a dental sample "seed", as outlined in red within the photograph. The culture medium is white wine. Various mediums have been found to be productive, but the simplest and most useful thus far is that of both red and white wines. There are four primary stages of growth that have described in the reports. The first is the chlamydia-like (bacterial like) growth stage. The second (additional, not replacement) is the pleomorphic growth for which mycoplasma-like forms remain a candidate. The third stage (additional, not replacement) is the filament growth (as shown here) . The fourth stage (additional, not replacement) is the development of erthyrocytic forms within the filament growth.
      Within the filament stage of growth, there are 3 stages of sub-growth that occur. The first stage of filament growth is pure white in color. This stage can be seen on the boundaries and edges of the primary growth shown above. This stage is short-lived, commonly on the order of 1-3 days. The second stage is a transformation to a greenish color, and this dominates the mid-stage of growth as shown above. This stage can commonly last on the order of two to three weeks. The final stage is a transformation to a deep black color (not shown). The complete process can take commonly on the order of two to three months to complete. When the black stage of growth is complete (mature stage) the consistency of the growth begins to approximate a tar-like nature. The growth solution (originally wine) becomes darker and more viscous in nature.
      Additional Note: It is claimed by some "parties" that the dental samples obtained are "normal" and that there is "nothing to be concerned about" with the subjects of these reports. The basis of this claim is a known reaction that takes place between red wines and saliva, whereby a precipitate is formed. It is claimed that such precipitates are the basis of these reports, and hence there is no concern for the findings shown.. These claims are inadequate and false for the following reasons:
      1. What is observed and reported upon, for many years now, is a FILAMENT structure. It is NOT a precipitate.2. The reaction between saliva and red wines does indeed occur, and it has been studied extensively under the microscope. The precipitate is in no way identical or similar to the filament material that is the subject of the reports.3. The sheer volume of filament materials produced, as in the first example shown above, is enough to eliminate any realistic portrayal as a precipitate formation.4. The precipitate test can be easily reproduced and examined outside of the body, as it is not dependent upon material that emanates from the gums of the individual, as the specimens of these reports do. The wine-saliva-precipitate reaction is dependent only upon the interactions between wine and saliva, and is relatively trivial compared to the materials that are shown here. The material that is the subject of this report emanates from the gums of the individual.
      Back to Aerosol Operations Main PageCarnicom Institute
  Vaccine$
    A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to include vaccines against seasonal influenza within the definition of taxable vaccines. (2013; 112th Congress S. 3716) - GovTrack.us
      Link to Article
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:40
      Click a format for a citation suggestion:
      S. 3716--112th Congress: A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to include vaccines against seasonal .... (2013). In www.GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 5, 2013, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s3716?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss
      ''S. 3716--112th Congress: A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to include vaccines against seasonal ....'' www.GovTrack.us. 2013. January 5, 2013 <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s3716?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss>
      {{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s3716?utm_campaign=govtrack_feed&utm_source=govtrack/feed&utm_medium=rss|title=S. 3716 (112th)|accessdate=January 5, 2013|author=112th Congress (2013)|date=January 2, 2013|work=Legislation|publisher=GovTrack.us|quote=A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to include vaccines against seasonal ...}}
    Griepvirus rukt van alle kanten op naar ons land
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 09:07
      BRUSSEL - De griep heeft al onze buurlanden in zijn greep en duikt nu ook stilaan op in ons land. Het is nog maar een kwestie van tijd voor ook wij massaal voor de bijl gaan.
      De Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie zag de voorbije weken het aantal meldingen van griep en griepale aandoeningen in heel West-Europa gestaag stijgen. Op de EuroFlu-kaart bleef ons land lange tijd gespaard, maar dat zal niet lang meer duren.
      Volgens het Wetenschappelijk Instituut Volksgezondheid (WIV) doet de griep intussen zijn intrede in ons land: 'Er was de laatste week van 2012 een significante stijging van het aantal patinten dat naar de dokter ging met griepale symptomen, zoals een plotse temperatuurstijging, hoest en algemene ongemakken. Het is echter nog te vroeg om nu al de griepepidemie in Belgi te kunnen inluiden. Dat zal ten vroegste voor 9 januari zijn.'
      Besmettingshaarden
      'Vorig jaar rond deze tijd was Belgi al in de greep van een flinke griep', zegt Carl Koppeschaar van DeGroteGriepmeting.nl. 'Maar die stopte in de zuidelijke provincies van Nederland. Nu lijkt het erop dat wij, via Duitsland, jullie besmettingshaard worden. Ook in Frankrijk is stilaan sprake van een epidemie; dus ook vanuit het zuiden rukt de griep snel op.'
      Koppeschaar registreert al jaren het aantal griepmeldingen in Nederland en ziet ook bij ons het aantal gevallen stijgen, met name in de groep van de 5- tot 14-jarigen. 'En als die half zieke kinderen maandag opnieuw naar de klas gaan, kan het snel gaan.'
      'Belgi is maar een klein landje en dus is het niet de vraag "f maar wel wanneer de griep hier volop toeslaat', bevestigt viroloog Marc Van Ranst. 'Net voor de kerstvakantie zagen we bij kinderen al een opstoot van griep. Gelukkig viel de vakantie op het ideale moment. Daardoor starten we maandag wellicht op een lager niveau. Ik verwacht volgende week dan ook nog niet meteen een epidemie.'
      Of het gevaar dit jaar inderdaad uit Nederland komt, kan of wil de griepspecialist nog niet bevestigen. 'Griep is als een olievlek. Als ons land tussen diverse olievlekken ligt, zullen die eerder vroeg dan laat samenvloeien. Maar wanneer is moeilijk te voorspellen.'
      Om van een epidemie te spreken, moet de epidemische drempel minstens twee opeenvolgende weken overschreden worden. 'De laatste week van 2012 was die drempel nipt bereikt. Maar tijdens schoolvakanties wordt vaak een vertraging waargenomen', klinkt het bij het WIV.
  VIDEO
    According to NBC, Awkward Biden Photo-Ops = 'Charm Being Poured On'
      Link to Article
      Source: MRCTV - News & Politics
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:30
      At the top of Friday's NBC Today, co-host Matt Lauer gushed over Vice President Biden doing a series of photo-ops while swearing in newly elected senators on Thursday: "Joe Biden welcomes lawmakers and their families to Washington like only he can." In a later report, correspondent Kelly O'Donnell glossed over several awkward moments caused by Biden: "There was certainly a lot of charm being poured on by the Vice President."
    "My Life Begins With The Atomic Bomb Because That Is Founding Myth Of This National Security State"
      Link to Article
      Source: Uploads by MOXNEWSd0tC0M
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:19
    Comet Passing By Earth In 2013 Will Appear Brighter Than A Full Moon In The Night Sky
      Link to Article
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      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:16
    Magic Trillion Dollar Coin May Be Used To Pay Off The National Debt
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      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:03
    Passengers & Crew Use Duct Tape To Restrain Man On Flight From Iceland To New York
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      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:01
    Why Is The CIA Working With Hollywood To Make Movies?
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      Source: Uploads by MOXNEWSd0tC0M
      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:24
    CNBC: Is Al Jazeera A Threat To Our National Security "This Network Has American Blood On It's Hands
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      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:23
    Navy Issues Warning On Bath Salts
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      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 11:18
    US Govt Report Says Iran Has Built A Dangerous Network With Tens Of Thousands Of Spies
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      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 06:05
    CNN: CONFISCATING GUNS
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      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 06:04
    "We Live In A World Where Pornography Is Raining Down On These Kids!" Dr Drew Blames Rape On Porn
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      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 06:03
    Scientists Say Fructose Changes Brain To Cause Overeating
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      Fri, 04 Jan 2013 00:24
    VIDEO-Zionist Terrorists with explosives Arrested In NYC - 3.1.2012 - YouTube
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 12:36
    VIDEO_Great news: Federally-permitted lightbulbs a cancer risk Hot Air
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:11
      posted at 1:01 pm on January 4, 2013 by Ed Morrissey
      Legislate in haste '... repent at leisure. In their haste to rid Americans of the unconscionable plague of perfectly safe if somewhat inefficient incandescent lighting, politicians in Washington have forced us to adopt more expensive technology in its place. Compact flourescent lighting (CFLs) are already known to be a considerable disposal risk, thanks to the mercury used in them. A new study reported earlier this week by Miami's CBS affiliate warns of an operational risk as well '-- ultraviolet radiation that can cause skin cancers and even acute burns (via Katie Pavlich):
      Every time you turn on the lights, you may be putting yourself at risk, according to a disturbing new study.
      Energy efficient bulbs are eco-friendly and can save you big bucks, but experts say that some could also have a dark side.
      Actually, they're not all that eco-friendly, as even the government acknowledges. The EPA wants to argue that the release of mercury from CFLs in disposal is less than that released from the burning of the amount of coal one saves by using them. That may well be true overall, but not if one breaks in your house. At that point, you need to conduct an hours-long cleanup '-- and even if you want to dispose of an unbroken CFL, it takes special disposal in most jurisdictions due to the eco-unfriendly nature of CFLs.
      And now, it takes special instructions to use them, too:
      Money saving, compact fluorescent light bulbs emit high levels of ultra violet radiation, according to a new study. Research at Long Island's Stony Brook found that the bulbs emit rays so strong that they can actually burn skin and skin cells.
      ''The results were that you could actually initiate cell death,'' said Marcia Simon, a Professor of Dermatology.
      Exposure to the bulbs could lead to premature aging and skin cancer, according to doctors.
      ''It can also cause skin cancer in the deadliest for, and that's melanoma,'' said Dr. Rebecca Tung.
      Well, these are just the defective CFLs, right? The outsides are coated to block UV radiation. And that's true, but '...
      In every bulb that researchers tested they found that the protective coating around the light creating 'phosphor' was cracked, allowing dangerous ultraviolet rays to escape.
      So what can you do? Stay away from them:
      Stony Brook researches advised that customers exercise caution and stay two feet away from the bulbs at all times, while storing them in an overhead fixture or lamp.
      Gee '... maybe Congress should have thought to check this out before regulating incandescents out of existence.
    VIDEO-Elizabeth Warren Can't Define What Middle Class Is - YouTube
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      Sat, 05 Jan 2013 08:59
    VIDEO-social media for spying
      Link to Article
      Thu, 03 Jan 2013 21:09
      The websites of the Military Times Network provide members of the U.S. Military and their families with independent, award-winning journalism that impacts their lives.
      Not a U.S. Government Publication
    Video: Biden Gets Frisky With Senator's Wife'...
      Link to Article
      Source: Weasel Zippers
      Thu, 03 Jan 2013 22:53
      Biden in rare form today (he's been getting frisky with theguys as well).
      Via Weekly Standard:
      Vice President Joe Biden got a little frisky with the wife of Senator Angus King at today's ceremonial swearing-in at the Capitol.
      Biden's hand remains on King's wife, Mary Herman, for at least 20 seconds, moving down her back and to the side of her chest [she appears to be pushing him off at one point].
    Newtown Shootings Could Give Rise to More Litigation, Says Pinsky
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 09:29
    Nancy Pelosi defends doctored picture of House Democratic women
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 00:03
      WASHINGTON -- House minority leader Nancy Pelosi on Friday defended an altered picture of Democratic congresswomen that was posted on her Flickr photo-sharing site.
      The photo showed four House members who were not in the original picture, which was taken Thursday when lawmakers were sworn in as members of the 113th Congress. They arrived at the Capitol steps late, and their images were inserted with a computer program.
      "It was an accurate historical record of who the Democratic women of Congress are," Pelosi told a news conference. "It also is an accurate record that it was freezing cold and our members had been waiting a long time for everyone to arrive and ... had to get back into the building to greet
      constituents, family members, to get ready to go to the floor. It wasn't like they had the rest of the day to stand there."Pelosi said the photo reflected the nation's diversity, because it included women from every community and religious faith.
      "So we were pretty excited about it," Pelosi said. "We got a lot of response back from the country, and one I loved was when they said, 'Can the women in Congress hear the people cheering across the country?'"
      There are 61 Democratic congresswomen, including Pelosi.
      Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
    VIDEO-"Educating Our Children And Shielding Them From The Horrors Of Gun Violence" Pres Obama Weekly - YouTube
      Link to Article
      Sun, 06 Jan 2013 10:12
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